Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology II class notes > Ch. 19 Disorders of Cardiac Function > Flashcards

Ch. 19 Disorders of Cardiac Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of pericarditis?

A 
Viral
Bacterial
Uremia
Neoplastic
Radiation
Trauma
Drug toxicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is constricted pericarditis?

A

When scarring develops due to the healing of pericardial membrane in pericarditis. Doesn’t move/stretch as well = constricted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is considered acute pericarditis?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the manifestations of pericarditis?

A 
Decreased cardiac output
Pericardial friction rub
Chest pain 
- precordial
- abrupt onset
- sharp
- scapula pain
- increases with deep breath, cough
- Relief when sitting forward
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Dressler’s syndrome?

A

A pericardial pain that occurs after a myocardial infarction (usually a week or two later)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the causes of pericardial effusion?

A 
Inflammation of pericardium (pericarditis)
Infection elsewhere
Neoplasms
Cardiac surgery
Trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the causes of pericardial effusion?

A 
Inflammation of pericardium (pericarditis)
Infection elsewhere
Neoplasms
Cardiac surgery
Trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is considered acute pericarditis?

A

less than 2 weeks of symtpoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the manifestations of cardiac tamponade?

A 
Dependent on amount and rapidity
Limits stroke volume and cardiac output - low systolic blood pressure
CNS: change in mentation
Resp: dyspnea, tachypnea
CVS: chest pain, tachycardia
Elevated central venous pressure
Elevated jugular pressure
Circulatory shock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Dressler’s syndrome?

A

A pericardial pain that occurs after a myocardial infarction (usually a week or two later)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a pericardial effusion?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity/space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the causes of pericardial effusion?

A 
Inflammation of pericardium (pericarditis)
Infection elsewhere
Neoplasms
Cardiac surgery
Trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Compression due to fluid or blood. It is the worst case scenario that can happen with fluid building up in the pericardial sac. It is an emergency situation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the causes of cardiac tamponade?

A

Trauma
Myocardial rupture post MI
Cardiac surgery
Aortic dissection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the manifestations of stable angina?

A

Precordial/substernal pain, with possible radiation and possible epigastric discomfort. It occurs with exercise/exertion/cold/emotions and is relieved with rest and nitroglycerine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What assists coronary artery flow?

A

Endothelial cells lining arteries
Diastolic pressure in aorta
Time in diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What impairs coronary artery flow?

A

Atherosclerosis is most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the possible symptoms of a silent MI?

A

Hypotension, low body temp, vague complaints of discomfort, mild diaphoresis, stroke-like symptoms, dizziness, sensorium changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the modifiable risks for coronary artery disease?

A 
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Tobacco use
Diabetes
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle/physical inactivity
Ability to cope with stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some possible causes of acute coronary syndrome?

A 
Unstable plaque, rupturing to form a clot
Thin fibrous cap with fatty core is most unstable
Coronary vasospasm
Atherosclerotic narrowing (progressive)
Inflammation/infection
Surgery
Secondary causes: 
-Anemia
-Fever
-Hypoxemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the manifestations of stable angina?

A

Precordial/substernal pain, with possible radiation and possible epigastric discomfort. It occurs with exercise/exertion/cold/emotions and is relieved with rest and nitroglycerine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is variant/prinzmetal angina?

A

d/t spasms of coronary artery
Cause is unclear
Often @ night
Variable symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the typical pattern of manifestations of an ST elevation MI?

A

Crushing/constricting pain; usually abrupt
- Substernal with radiation to left arm, jaw, neck
Epigastric distress/nausea
Palpitations
Cool, clammy skin
Short of breath
Anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the possible symptoms of a silent MI?

A

Hypotension, low body temp, vague complaints of discomfort, mild diaphoresis, stroke-like symptoms, dizziness, sensorium changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the results of myocardial ischemia/necrosis?
Decreased contractile force - Decreased cardiac output - Decreased coronary artery perfusion - Increased pulmonary vasculature pressure Interruption of conduction - Dysrhythmias
26
What are some possible causes of acute coronary syndrome?
``` Unstable plaque, rupturing to form a clot Thin fibrous cap with fatty core is most unstable Coronary vasospasm Atherosclerotic narrowing (progressive) Inflammation/infection Surgery Secondary causes: -Anemia -Fever -Hypoxemia ```
27
What are the manifestations of unstable angina?
With pre-diagnosis of "stable angina" Occurs at rest (or minimal exertion) Lasts >20 minutes
28
What is an ST elevation MI?
Ischemic death of myocardial tissue
29
What are the possible complications of an acute MI?
``` Arrhythmias – most common cause of sudden death Reinfarction Heart failure Pericarditis Embolic CVA or Pulmonary embolus Valve deformities Septal rupture LV wall aneurysms/rupture Cardiogenic shock Dressler syndrome ```
30
How quickly does cell death occur in an MI?
15-20 minutes
31
What are the results of myocardial ischemia/necrosis?
Decreased contractile force - Decreased cardiac output - Decreased coronary artery perfusion - Increased pulmonary vasculature pressure Interruption of conduction - Dysrhythmias
32
What are three serum biomarkers that indicate an MI?
Troponin Myoglobin Creatine Kinase MB (CK-MB)
33
What are treatments for acute MI?
Oxygen Pain relief Reperfusion Coronary artery bypass graft
34
What are some methods of reprofusion during an acute MI?
Fibrinolytics (clot busters) Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) Stents
35
What are the possible complications of an acute MI?
``` Arrhythmias – most common cause of sudden death Reinfarction Heart failure Pericarditis Embolic CVA or Pulmonary embolus Valve deformities Septal rupture LV wall aneurysms/rupture Cardiogenic shock Dressler syndrome ```
36
What are cardiomyopathies?
Problems with the muscle of the heart.
37
What is an idiopathic cardiomyopathy?
A heart muscle disorder with an unknown cause.
38
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Unexplained genetic ventricular septal thickening.
39
What are the effects of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Poor diastolic filling LV outflow obstruction Left ventricular hypertrophy Disruption of normal conduction pathways
40
What are the manifestations of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Variable manifestations ``` Decreased stroke volume d/t impaired diastolic filling - Dyspnea - Chest pain - Syncope post exertion Atrial fibrillation Lethal ventricular arrhythmias ```
41
What is endocarditis?
Any infection of the inner lining of the heart.
42
What are the typical characteristics of endocarditis?
Usually staphylococcus aureus Vegetative Involvement of mitral & aortic valves most common Acute: relatively healthy individual Sub-acute/chronic: history of valve abnormalities
43
What are the risk factors for endocarditis?
Infection elsewhere Dental surgery/other surgery, IV drug use/contaminants Immunodeficiency/immunosuppression Valve prolapse (sudden or congenital)
44
What are the manifestations of endocarditis?
S&S of systemic infection Heart sound changes Symptoms related to embolism
45
What are some complications of endocarditis?
Emboli (lung, renal, brain, etc) Valve dysfunction Arrhythmias
46
What are some causes of valvular disorders?
``` Congenital Trauma Ischemic damage Degenerative changes Inflammation ```
47
How are valvular disorders diagnosed?
Auscultation Doppler Echo Ultrasound
48
What are the treatments for valvular disorders?
``` Preventative APA Symptoms Percutaneous valvuloplasty Surgery ```
49
What is mitral valve stenosis?
Fibrous, stiff tissue, often causing chordae tendineae to shorten Incomplete opening obstructs blood flow
50
What are the causes of mitral valve stenosis?
Rheumatoid factor | Congenital
51
What causes rheumatic heart disease?
It is caused by rheumatic fever which occurs after streptococcal pharyngitis. It affects one or all layers of the heart.
52
What are the manifestations of mitral valve stenosis?
Chest pain, weakness, fatigue, palpitations
53
What are the complications that can arise from mitral valve stenosis?
Arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, atrial tachycardias) Mural thrombi (thrombus in the heart)
54
What is mitral valve reguritation?
Incomplete closing of the mitral valve that causes some blood to return to the left atrium during systole.
55
What are the causes of mitral valve regurgitation?
RHD Chordae tendineae or papillary muscle rupture Left ventricular hypertrophy dilates orifice Mitral valve prolapse
56
What are the manifestations of mitral valve regurgitation?
It is a slow process = compensation Pulmonary congestion Pansystolic murmur Left atrial and left ventricular hypertrophy
57
What are the potential complications of mitral valve regurgitation?
Atrial fibrillation | Thrombus
58
What is mitral valve prolapse?
Leaflets of the mitral valve enlarge, become "floppy"
59
What disorders are associated with mitral valve prolapse?
Marfan's syndrome and osteogenesis imperfecta
60
What are the manifestations of mitral valve prolapse?
"snap” Asymptomatic Chest pain, dyspnea
61
What are the potential complications that can arise from mitral valve prolaplse?
Mitral valve regurgitation Atrial fibrillation Thrumbus
62
What is aortic valve stenosis?
Narrowing causing resistance to ejection
63
What are the causes of aortic valve stenosis?
Congenital or acquired More common in males Active inflammation
64
What are the manifestations of aortic valve stenosis?
``` Loud systolic ejection murmur OR split 2 Chest pain Dyspnea Syncope Heart failure (LV hypertrophy) ```
65
What is aortic valve regurgitation?
Scarring of leaflet and/or enlarged orifice | Blood flow back into the left ventricle during diastole
66
What are the causes of aortic valve regurgitation?
``` RHD Ideopathic aortic dilation Congenital Endocarditis Marfan's HTN Trauma ```
67
What are the manifestations of chronic aortic valve regurgitation?
Blowing sound over valve Widening pulse pressure Karotkoff sounds persist to zero! Tachycardia or water-hammer pulse (bounding pulse) "Pouding" of heart when lying down Eventually orthopnea, dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
68
What are the causes of acute aortic regurgitation?
Acute endocarditis Trauma Aotric dissection
69
What are the manifestations of acute aortic regurgication?
Acute happens quickly, so no time to compensate Extreme rise in left ventricular end diastolic pressure = pulmonary edema Decreased coronary artery perfusion Dysrhythmias = lethal

Pathophysiology II class notes (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions