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Pathophysiology II class notes > Ch. 14 Mechanisms of Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Ch. 14 Mechanisms of Infectious Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define “mutualism”

A

Both host and microorganisms benefit

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2
Q

Define “parasitic”

A

Only the infecting organism benefits. Typically the host doesn’t die. “Infectious” means host sustains injury.

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3
Q

Define “virulence”

A

Disease producing potential

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4
Q

Define “pathogen”

A

Very virulent microorganisms

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5
Q

Define “saprophyte”

A

Environmental organisms that feed off dead/decaying organic material
- Usually fungi
Harmless to humans, but can be “opportunistic” organisms if host immune system is compromised

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6
Q

What are prions?

A

Abnormally shaped proteins that cause normal proteins to change their shape and thus become new prions
Propagation is unclear so difficult to treat
Cause neurodegenerative diseases of CNS
Eg. Creutzfeldt-jakob disease

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7
Q

Describe the structure of a virus

A

Protein coat surrounded by a nucleic acid core

Some have lipoprotein envelope

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8
Q

How does a virus replicate?

A

Incapable of replicating outside a living cell.

Inserts genome into host cell’s DNA, then uses cell energy.

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9
Q

How are viruses categorized?

A

Size, composition, how it replicates/transmits, resulting disease, etc.

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10
Q

What is a latent virus?

A

Enter cell insert genome, remain dormant until stimulated.

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11
Q

What is an oncogenic virus?

A

Can transform host cells to malignant cells during replication

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12
Q

What is an enterovirus?

A

Single stranded RNA virus.

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13
Q

What is a retrovirus group?

A

A virus with unique replication (eg HIV/AIDS)

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14
Q

What is a bacteria?

A

A small, simple structure that can live independently, but uses organisms’ nutrients.

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15
Q

Describe the structure of bacteria.

A

Cytoplasm covered by rigid cell wall that is susceptible to anti-bacterials.
Contains both DNA and RNA.
Have flagella (propel bacteria) and pilli (filaments that help adherance).

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16
Q

How do streptococci divide (what shape?)

A

Divide into chains

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17
Q

How do diplococci divide (What shape?)

A

Into pairs

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18
Q

How do staphylococci divide (what shape?)

A

Divide into clusters

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19
Q

Define “biofilm”

A

structured community of bacteria

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20
Q

Define “spores”

A

group waiting for stimulation to replicate

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21
Q

Define “aerobic”

A

requires oxygen

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22
Q

Define “anaerobic”

A

Hates too much oxygen

23
Q

Define “facultatively anaerobic”

A

Can adapt to oxygen rich or poor environment

24
Q

What are acid-fast bacilli?

A

They don’t stain (red or blue)

25
Q

What are spirochets?

A

Helical, long bacteria

26
Q

What are mycoplasms?

A

Smaller than normal bacteria. Resistant to some antibiotics

27
Q

What are “rickettsiacaea”?

A

Microorganisms that have both viral and bacterial characteristics. Carried by fleas, ticks, lice. Need host nutrients and cell ATP byproducts.

28
Q

What are some examples of “rickettsicae”?

A

Rocky mountain spotted fever, typhoid fever

29
Q

What are chlamydiacaea/.

A

Microorganisms that have both viral and bacterial characteristics. STI. Ocular infection in newborn. Respiratory infections.

30
Q

Why are fungi usually on body surfaces (not inside)?

A

Require temperature

31
Q

What is the difference between yeasts and molds?

A

How they look:
Yeast = waxy/creamy texture
Molds = cottony/powdery colonies

32
Q

What are protozoa?

A

Unicellular parasites

33
Q

How are protozoa transmitted?

A

Host to host (Sexual contact)
Arthropod vector (Contaminated insects)
Contaminated food/water

34
Q

What are helminths?

A

Wormlike parasites. Eg roundworms, tapeworms, flukes

35
Q

What are arthropods?

A

ticks, mosquitoes, flies, mites, scabies, lice, fleas

36
Q

What are four portals of entry for micro-organisms?

A

Penetration
Direct contact
Ingestion
Inhalation

37
Q

What is an endogenous source?

A

Opportunistic normal flora

38
Q

What is an exogenous source

A

Source from outside the body (human, fomite, animal, arthropod, inhalation)

39
Q

What are toxins?

A

Substances that alter or destroy normal cells

40
Q

What are exotoxins?

and what do they do?

A

proteins released from bacteria during growth

- Inhibit cellular synthesis, inhibit the function of the cell

41
Q

What are endotoxins?

and what do they do?

A

are lipopolysaccharides from cell wall of Gram negative bacteria

  • Induce cytokines, leukocytes, T-lymphocytes
  • Results in increased capillary permeability
  • Less potent than exotoxins
42
Q

What are three virulence factors that aid the micro-organism?

A

Adhesion factors
Evasive factors
Invasive factors

43
Q

What are the three stages of the disease course?

A

Prodromal - initial symptoms
Acute - maximum impact
Convalescent - getting better

44
Q

What is incubation time influenced by?

A

the portal of entry. If it was an easy portal of entry (eg into the bloodstream) the incubation will be quicker
Dependend on the dose
Dependent on your overall health

45
Q

What is a “culture” (diagnostic)

A

Propagation of microorganisms outside body with artificial growth media

46
Q

What is “serology” (diagnostic)

A

Measure antibody response to infectious agent: antibody titer
Not as accurate as a culture

47
Q

What are bactericidal antibacterials? (Antibiotics)

A

lethal to bacteria

48
Q

What are bacteriostatic antibacterials? (antibiotics)

A

Prevents bacteria from replicating
Relies on host’s immune system to kill bacteria
Tetracycline, sulpha

49
Q

What are broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

Kill gram negative and gram positive bacilli

50
Q

How do antibiotics kill bacteria?

A 
They affect:
Cell wall synthesis
Protein synthesis
Nuclei acid synthesis
Bacterial metabolism
51
Q

How do bacteria fight back against antibiotics?

A

Inactivating antibiotics by creating enzymes
Changing antibiotic binding site
Using different metabolic pathways
Changing their walls to keep antibiotics out

52
Q

What do antiviral agents do?

A

They block:
Virus’s RNA/DNA synthesis (replication)
Binding to cell
Production of protein coat

53
Q

How do antifungal agents work?

A

Target cell wall as substances are different than normal body cell wall.

54
Q

What are some sugical options for treating micro-organism infection?

A

Drain
Debridement
Removal (appendectomy, amputation)
Replacement (heart valve)

Pathophysiology II class notes (15 decks)

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