Ch. 16 Disorders of the Immune Response Flashcards
What is innate immunity?
Able to recognize self/non-self
Reacts to microbes
Leukocyes, macrophages, NKC
Complement system
What is adaptive immunity?
Responds to antigens
infection, tumor cells, transplanted cells
What does the complement system do?
Assists antibodies and phagocytes to destroy pathogens.
What are B-cells and what is their job?
They are a type of WBC that is part of the adaptive immune system.
They secrete antibodies.
What are T-cells and what is their job?
They are part of the adaptive immune system and they direct B-cell activity.
What is hypersensitivity?
Excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune response
The body is damaged by the immune response, rather than by the antigen (often called allergen)
What is type I hypersensitivity?
Commonly called “allergic reactions”
Systemic or anaphylactic reactions.
Local or atopic reactions
What are five examples of local or atopic reactions?
Rhititis (hay fever) Food allergies Bronchial asthma Hives Atopic dermatitis
What is anaphylaxis?
Systemic response to the inflammatory mediators released in type I hypersensitivity.
What chemicals are released during an anaphylactic response that cause vasodilation?
Histamine, acetylchiline, kinins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins (all cause vasodilation)
What chemicals are released during an anaphylactic response that cause bronchoconstriction?
Acetylchonline, kinins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
What is type II hypersensitivity?
Cytotoxic response involving IgG or IgM that attack antigens on cell surfaces.
What are the three things that result from a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
- Cell lysis
- Results in inflammatory process
- Results in cell dysfunction
What is opsonization?
Cell lysis
What are three examplse of type II hypersensitivity reactions that result in cell lysis?
Transfusion reactions
Rh disease (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
Drug reactions
What are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions that result in inflammatory process?
Gomerulonephritis
Transplant reaction
What are two examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions that result in cell dysfunction?
Graves disease
Myasthenia gravis
What is type III hypersensitivity?
Circulating inactive antigen + antibody immune complex that deposit on the walls of blood vessels and activate complement.
What are four examples of type III hypersensitivity reactions?
Autoimmune vasculitis
Glomerulonephritis
Systemic lupus erythemoatosus (SLE)
Serum sickness
What is a type IV hypersensitivity response?
Cell-mediated: sensitized T cells attack antigen and cell is damaged as a result. This occurs even if the pathogen is not harming the cell.
What is an example of type IV hypersensitivity?
Some types of hepatitis
What is direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity?
Type IV hypersensitivity - Viral reactions
What is delayed-type hypersensitivity? (two examples)
Type IV hypersensitivity - tuberculin test, allergic contact dermatitis
What is self-tolerance?
The ability to differentiate self from non-self
What maintains self-tolerance?
Central tolerance (deletes T&B cells in thymus and bone marrow) Peripheral tolerance (deletes activated T&B)
What are autoimmune diseases?
When the autoimmune system is unable to differentiate and body tissues are destroyed (impaired self-tolerance)
What is “central tolerance” (what does it do)?
Deletes T&B cells (in thymus, bone marrow)