Ch 4: Turning Flashcards
Ch 3 Rev: RoC is measure of aeroplane’s vertical ___ over ___ (Pg 45)
Speed, time
Ch 3 Rev: Headwind will cause AoC to ___ (Pg 45)
Increase
Ch 3 Rev: In steady glide descent drag is balanced by ___ (Pg 45)
Forward Component of Weight (FCW)
Angle of Bank (AoB): (Pg 45)
Angle between aeroplane’s lateral axis and horizon
Heading (Pg 45):
Direction of aeroplane’s nose in relation to North in Clockwise direction, as indicated on compass
Rate of Turn (Pg 45):
No. of degrees of change in heading per sec
Radius of Turn (Pg 45):
Distance between the aeroplane and centre of turn
Load Factor (Pg 45):
Ratio of lift to weight of an aeroplane, units = G’s (G-Force)
Centrifugal Force (Pg 45):
Force arising from an objects inertia as it prescribes a circ. path - acting OUTWARDS
Centripetal Force (Pg 45):
Force arising from objects inerti as it prescribes a circ. path - acting INWARDS
3 types of turns categorised by radius: (Pg 45)
Shallow Turns - ~15°, Medium Turns - 30°, Steep Turns - >30°
Performance req. for different turns: (Pg 45)
Climbing Turns - 15°, Descending Turns - 20°-30°, Medium Level Turns - 30°
Total lift made of… (Pg 46)
Vertical Component of Lift (Lv), + Horizontal Component of Lift (LH)
Lv cannot balance weight alone causing descent … (Pg 46)
Unless AoA is increased, provides necessary increase in LH aka Centripetal Force (helps maintain level flight)
Increase in AoA = increase in drag –> (Pg 46)
Result in decrease in performance = show as decrease in IAS
AoB > 30° = (Pg 46)
Large increases in AoA req. to produce necessary lift to maintain altitude
60° AoB in level turn… (Pg 46)
Lift needed to balance drag = 2x for S + L Flight, = additional power to prevent large reduction in IAS
Balancing force of total lift = (Pg 46)
Load Factor
Vert. component of LF = (Pg 46)
Weight force, acting vertically down to centre of Earth
Horiz. component … (Pg 46)
Acts opposite to centripetal force, directed out of turn –> centrifugal force
Whilst in level turn, forces are balanced but… (Pg 46)
As direction changes, aeroplane is no longer in equilibrium
Outer wing travelling at higher speeds than inner wing = (Pg 46)
Creating more lift on outer wing, resulting in aeroplane wanting to keep rolling into turn (OVERBANK)
Overbanking most noticeable in climbing turns because.. (Pg 46)
Outer wing has higher speed and AoA
AoA of outer wing is lower than inner wing = causes imbalance of lift… (Pg 46)
Causes aeroplane to try to keep rolling out of the turn
Underbanking sometimes evident in … (Pg 46)
Descending turns
Frise Ailerons designed to… (Pg 47)
Down-going aileron will protrude into airflow below wing = increase in parasite drag on lower wing
Differential Ailerons designed to.. (Pg 47)
Down-going aileron will have greater deflection into airflow above wing surface, increasing parasite drag to combat induced drag
Rolling right = ___ rudder, Rolling left = ___ rudder (Pg 47)
Right, Left
Skidding turn = (Pg 47)
Ball sits towards higher wing, = not enough aileron or too much rudder
Slipping turn = (Pg 47)
Ball sits on same side as turn, = too much aileron or not enough rudder
Load Factor = (Pg 47)
Ratio of aerodynamic force on aeroplane to gross weight of aeroplane or, Lift/Weight
Wing stalls if… (Pg 47)
LF becomes so great that increase in AoA cannot provide enough lift
Stalling speed increases w/… (Pg 47)
Sqaure root of LF
To maintain same Radius of turns, (Pg 47)
Greaters airspeeds require greater AoB
Constant IAS, increased AoB will improve turn performance … (Pg 47)
Radius of Turn will decrease, Rate of turn will increase
Constant AoB, increased IAs will reduce turn performance… (Pg 47)
Radius of turn will increase, Rate of turn will decrease
Entry = BBB (Pg 48)
Bank (smooth aileron), Balance (small amount of rudder in direction of turn), Back-Pressure (gently apply to increase AoA)
Level turns, up to 30° power = … (Pg 48)
Kept at desired cruise setting, = small reduction in IAS
Climbing turns drag will increase as … (Pg 48)
AoB increases, full power remains set
Any increase in drag, from decrease in IAS can only be compensated by.. (Pg 49)
Lowering nose attitude, if AoB no > than 30°, increase in drag and RoD will also be small
