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DAT - Biology > Ch. 4 - Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Overall reaction:

6CO2 + 6H2O -> ____ + ____

A

____
C6H12O6
6O2

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2
Q

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation (ADP + Pi + light -> ____): light-dependent reaction.

A

ATP

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3
Q

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

  1. Photosystem II: electrons trapped by P680 in PSII are ____ by light.
A

energized

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4
Q

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

  1. ____: two excited e- passed to primary e- acceptor; primary because it is the first in chain of acceptor.
A

primary e- acceptor

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5
Q

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

  1. E- transport chain: consists of a ____ which contains proteins like ____ and cofactor
    Fe2+; analogous to ____
A

plastoquinone complex (PSII)

cytochrome
oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

  1. Phosphorylation: 2e- move down ETC => ____ (energy used to phosphorylate about ____).
A

lose energy

1.5 ATP

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7
Q

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

  1. Photosystem I: ETC terminates with PSI (P700); they are again ____ by sunlight and passed on to
    another primary e- acceptor. From this point forward it can go to cyclic or noncyclic path.&raquo_space;»If noncyclic…
A

energized

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8
Q

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

  1. NADPH: 2e- then pass down a short ETC (with proteins like ____) to combine NADP+ + H+
    + 2e- => ____ (coenzyme) (only in noncyclic?).
A

ferrodoxin

NADPH

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9
Q

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

  1. Splitting of Water (____): the loss of 2e- from PSII (initially) is replaced when H2O splits into ____, ____, and
    ____.(H+ goes for ____ formation and 1⁄2 O2 that contributes to release as ____). This occurs at PSII.
A 
photolysis
2e-
2H+
1/2O2
NADPH
oxygen gas
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10
Q

Noncyclic Photophosphorylation

REACTION:

H2O + ADP + Pi + NADP+ + light => ____ + ____ + ____ + ____

A

ATP
NADPH
O2
H+

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11
Q

Note on photosystems: few hundred in each thylakoid, have a rxn center containing chlorophyll a surrounded by ____ that funnel energy to it.

A

antenna pigments

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12
Q

B. Cyclic Photophosphorylation: this replenishes ____ when Calvin cycle consumes it
- When excited 2e- from PSI join with protein carriers in the ____ electron transport chain and generate ____ as they pass through; these 2e- are recycled into PSI and can take either cyclic or noncyclic path.

A

ATP
first
1 ATP

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13
Q

C. Calvin Cycle: fixes CO2, repeat ____, uses 6CO2 to produce ____ (glucose). C3 photosynthesis (____)

A

6 times
glucose C6H12O6
dark reaction

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14
Q

Calvin Cycle

  1. Carboxylation: 6CO2 + 6RuBP => 12PGA, ____ (most common protein in the world, aka ____)
    catalyzes this reaction. (so named because PGA is 3C).
A

Rubisco

RuBP carboxylase

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15
Q

Calvin Cycle

  1. Reduction: 12ATP + 12NADPH converts ____ => ____ or 12PGAL; energy is incorporated; by-products (NADP+
    and ADP) go back into ____
A

12PGA
12G3P
noncyclic photophosphorylation

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16
Q

Calvin Cycle

  1. Regeneration: 6ATP convert ____ => ____ (allows cycle to repeat).
A

10G3P

6RuBp

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17
Q

Calvin Cycle

  1. Carbohydrate synthesis: 2 remaining ____ are used to build glucose.
    ____ + 18ATP + 12NADPH + H+ => 18ADP + 18Pi + 12NADP+ + ____
A

G3P
6CO2
1 glucose (2G3P)

18
Q

Calvin Cycle

  1. This is the “dark reaction”, but it cannot occur w/out light because it is dependent on the ____
    produced from the light rxn (____ and ____)
A

high energy molecules
ATP
NADPH

19
Q

Calvin Cycle

Note: Bootcamp says that the energy used to drive the light-independent rxns comes from ____. ____ is what drives photosynthesis! And the energy in glucose traces back to ____ that gets stored in the form of glucose ____! Remember, plants do have mitochondria that make ATP, BUT: the ATP from photosynthesis comes from the ____ (not mitochondria) and is used to drive photosynthesis further (Calvin cycle). Photosynthesis primarily makes glucose for the plant’s own ____ to use as energy! Still need mitochondria for plant tissues but they don’t make the ATP for ____, and photosynthesis ATP isn’t used for general cell fxn!

A 
light (photons)
light energy
light
chemical bonds
chloroplast
mitochondria
photosynthesis
20
Q

D. Chloroplast: ____ and ____ reactions occur. (____ like mito + nucleus)

A

light-dependent
light-independent
double membrane

21
Q

D. Chloroplast

  1. ____: plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
  2. ____
  3. ____: also phospholipid bilayer.
  4. Stroma: fluid material that fills area inside inner membrane; ____ here (fixing ____ => ____)
A 
outer membrane
intermembrane space
inner membrane
calvin cycle
CO2
G3P
22
Q

D. Chloroplast

  1. Thylakoids: suspended within ____ (stacks); individual membrane layers are ____; entire stack is ____ membrane of thylakoids contain (PSI + PSII), cytochromes, and other e- carriers. Also phospholipid bilayer.
  2. Thylakoid lumen: interior of the thylakoid; ____ accumulates here.
A

stroma
thylakoids
granum
H+

23
Q

D. Chloroplast

Note: Gradient uses ATP synthase to move the accumulated H+ from ____ to ____; H+ move from in to out to generate ATP via synthase……….

whereas in ox-phos we build up H+ ____ and then shuttle it back in to mitochondria to generate ATP via synthase

A

thylakoid membrane
stroma

outside

24
Q

D. Chloroplast

Locations:
noncyclic photophos takes place in ____.

Cyclic phos takes place on ____ (pieces connecting the ____).

Photolysis takes place inside the ____ (passes e- to the membrane for noncyclic photophos).

A

thylakoid membranes
stroma lamellae
thylakoids

thylakoid lumen

25
Q

D. Chloroplast

Calvin Cycle takes place in the ____.

Chemiosmosis takes place across the
____.

All of these take place ____ the chloroplast! Remember that is the ____, not the outer/inner chloroplast membranes, that absorb light!

A

stroma
thylakoid membrane
inside
thylakoid membrane

26
Q

E. Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts: uses ____ gradient to generate ATP.

A

H+

27
Q

E. Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts

  1. H+ ions accumulate inside ____: H+ are released into ____ when ____ is split by PSII. H+ is also carried into lumen from stroma by ____ between PSII and PSI.
A

thylakoid
lumen
H2O
cytochrome

28
Q

E. Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts

  1. A pH and electrical gradient is created: about ____.
A

pH 5

29
Q

E. Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts

  1. ATP synthase generates ATP: phosphorylate ADP + Pi => ATP. (____ is required for 1ATP).
A

3H+

30
Q

E. Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts

  1. Calvin cycle produces ____ using NADPH & CO2 & ATP: at the end of e- transport chain following PSI, 2e- produces
    ____.
A

2 G3P

NADPH

31
Q

F. Photorespiration: fixation of ____ by ____ (can also fix ____) => produces no ATP or sugar.

Rubisco is not ____ because it will fix both ____ and ____ at the same time if both are present. Probably arose because early earth atmosphere didn’t have much ____ so it didn’t matter.

____ breakdown the products of this process (w/ Rubisco).

A

oxygen
rubisco
CO2

efficient
CO2
O2
O2

peroxisomes

32
Q

G. C4 Photosynthesis: evolved from ____, when CO2 enters leaf; absorbed by ____ (then moved to ____);

instead of being fixed by rubisco into PGA, CO2 combines with ____ to form ____ by ____ (in mesophyll)

A

C3
mesophyll cells
bundle sheath

PEP
OAA
PEP carboxylase

33
Q

G. C4 Photosynthesis

  • OAA has 4C => C4 photosynthesis.
  • OAA => ____ and then transported through ____ into ____
  • Malate => pyruvate + CO2. (CO2 can be used into Calvin cycle) (Pyruvate moved back to ____ then => PEP)
A

malate
plasmodesmata
bundle sheath cell
mesophyll

34
Q

G. C4 Photosynthesis

  • Overall purpose is to ____ to ____ (structure = Kranz anatomy, process = Hatch- Slack pathway (little O2 presence reduces competition while rubisco is fixing).

Minimize ____ and ____ loss from stomata (leaf pores); found in ____ climates (faster fixation speed and more efficient).

Requires one additional ____ (which becomes AMP). C3 typically occurs in ____, but in C4 it occurs in ____. Corn, sugarcane

A

mesophyll
bundle sheath cell

photorespiration
H2O
hot, dry

ATP
mesophyll
bundle sheath cells

35
Q

H. CAM Photosynthesis:

  • Another add-on to C3, ____; almost identical to C4.
A

crassulacean acid metabolism

36
Q

H. CAM Photosynthesis

  1. PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 + PEP to OAA; OAA => ____.
  2. MA is shuttled into ____ of cell.
A

malic acid

vacuole

37
Q

H. CAM Photosynthesis

  1. At night, stomata are ____ (opposite of normal), PEP carboxylase is ____, malic acid ____ in vacuole.
  2. During day, stomata are ____. Malic acid is ____ of vacuole and converted back to OAA (require ____), releasing ____
    (moved onto ____ with rubisco) and PEP.
A

open
active
accumulates

closed
out
1 ATP
CO2
calvin cycle
38
Q

H. CAM Photosynthesis

  • Overall advantages are can proceed during day while stomata are closed (reduce ____). Cacti, crassulacea plants,
A

H2O loss

39
Q
  • As leaves age, chlorophyll ____ to extract valuable components like ____, carotenoids are ____.
A

breaks down
Mg2+
visible

40
Q
  • Splitting of H2O provides 2e- for noncyclic photophosphorylation; incorporated into ____ and ____.
A

NADPH

Calvin cycle

41
Q
  • Calvin cycle is light-independent, but it requires ____ and ____ produced from light-dependent rxn.
A

ATP

NADPH (produced from LIGHT)

42
Q

____ (chlorophyll b, carotenoids, phycobilins [red algae pigment], xanthophylls) capture wavelegnths that ____ does not, passes energy to chlorophyll a where ____ occurs.

Chlorophyll a has ____ (alternating double and single bonds, double bonds critical for light rxns) complexed w/ ____ inside.

A

antenna proteins
chlorophyll a
direct light rxn

porphyrin ring
Mg atom

DAT - Biology (11 decks)

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