Ch. 11 - Animal Forms and Function (G-I) NO F Flashcards
Muscle contraction can result in movement, ____ of position, movement of substances throughout body, generation of ____
____
stabilization
body heat
Organization of Vertebrate Skeleton
- Axial skeleton – ____ (skull, vertebral column, rib cage)
- Appendicular skeleton – bones of appendages, ____ and ____
basic framework
pectoral
pelvic girdles
Organization of Vertebrate Skeleton
- Bone organization
o Sutures – ____ (holds together bones of skull)
o Moveable joints – bones that move relative to each other
- Ligaments – ____ connectors; strengthen joints
- Tendons- ____; ____ skeleton at moveable joints
immovable joints
bone-to-bone
muscle-to-bone
BEND
Organization of Vertebrate Skeleton
o Origin – point of attachment of muscle to ____ bone
o Insertion – point of attachment of muscle to bone that ____
o Extension = ____ of joint
o Flexion = ____ of joint
stationary
moves
straightening
bending
Joint types
- Fibrous – connect bones without allowing any ____ (Ex: skull, ____, spinous process and vertebrae)
movement
pelvis
Joint types
- Cartilaginous – bones attached by ____, allow ____ movement (Ex: ____ and ____)
cartilage
little
spine
ribs
Joint types
- Synovial – allow for much more ____; most common; filled with ____ which acts as a lubricant (Ex: carpals, wrist,
elbow, humerus & ulna, shoulder and hip joints, knee joint)
movement
synovial fluid
Muscular system- consists of ____ held together by ____
- Skeletal muscle (____ muscle) – voluntary movement, fibers are ____ cells
a. Myofibrils – filaments divided into ____
b. Sarcomeres – individual contractile units separated by a border (____)
c. Sarcoplasmic reticulum – stores Ca2+; surrounds ____
d. Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm
e. Sarcolemma – ____ of muscle cells; can propagate ____
i. Invaginated by ____- channels for ion flow
ii. Wraps several myofibrils together to form a muscle cell/muscle fiber
f. Mitochondria – present in large amounts in ____
contractile fibers
connective tissue
striated
multinucleated
sarcomeres
Z-line
myofibrils
plasma membrane
action potential
T-tubules
myofibrils
Sarcomere – is composed of thin filaments (____) and thick filaments (____)
- Z line – ____ of a single sarcomere; anchor ____
- M line – ____ of sarcomere
- I band – region containing ____ only (on ends, only purple above)
- H zone – region containing ____ only (in middle, only green above)
- A band – actin and myosin ____ (one end of overlap to the other end of overlap)
o H and I ____ during contraction, while A ____
actin
myosin
boundary
thin filaments
center
thin filaments (actin)
thick filaments (myosin)
overlap
reduce
does not
Contraction –
Stimulation Process of Sliding Filament Model – ____ response
- Action potential of neuron releases ____ when meets neuromuscular jxn
- Action potential then generated on ____ and throughout ____
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases ____
- Myosin ____ form – result of Ca2+ binding to troponin on actin helix
all or nothing
acetylcholine
sarcolemma
T-tubules
Ca2+
cross bridges
Sliding Filament Model
1. ATP binds to myosin head – converted to ____, which remain attached to head
- Ca2+ exposes ____ on actin – binds troponin -> tropomyosin exposes attachment sites
- Cross bridges between myosin heads and actin filaments form
- ADP + Pi are ____ -> sliding motion of actin bring ____ together (contraction, ____)
- New ATP attaches to myosin head, causes cross bridges to ____ – new phosphorylation breaks ____
ADP + Pi
binding sites
released
Z-lines
power stroke
unbind
cross bridge
Sliding Filament Model
Without new ATP, the cross bridges remain ____ to myosin head… this is why corpses are stiff
Strength of contraction of ____ cannot be increase, but strength of overall contraction can be increased by recruiting ____
attached
single muscle fiber
more muscle fibers
Types of Muscle Response
A) Simple Twitch – response of a ____ to brief stimulus; latent, contraction, relax
1. Latent period – time btw ____ and ____; lag
o Action potential spreads on ____ and Ca2+ ions released
2. Contraction
3. Relaxation (absolute refractory period) – ____ to stimulus
single muscle fiber stimulation onset of contraction sarcolemma unresponsive
Types of Muscle Response
B) Summation and Tetanus –
a. Summation – contractions combine and become stronger and ____ (repeated APs summate)
b. Tetanus – continuous sustained contraction; muscle ____; will release if maintained (in tetanus, rate of muscle stimulation
so fast that twitches blur into one ____)
more prolonged
cannot relax
smooth constant
Types of Muscle Response
C) Tonus – state of ____; muscle never completely ____
partial contraction
relaxed
Smooth Muscle – mainly involuntary, ____ central nucleus;
____ striation; stimulated by ____ nervous system (EX: lining of bladder, uterus, digestive tract, blood vessel walls, etc).
No ____ organization: intermediate filaments attached to ____ spread throughout cell.
Thick & thin filaments attached to IFs, contract -> IF’s pull ____ together -> smooth muscle length ____.
one
lack
autonomic
sarcomere
dense bodies
dense bodies
shrink
Two types of smooth muscle:
- Single-unit: aka ____, connected by ____, contract as single unit (stomach uterus, urinary bladder)
- Multiunit: each fiber directly attached to ____; can contract ____ (iris, bronchioles, etc)
In addition to neuronal response, can respond to: hormones, change in ____, O2, ____ levels, ____, [ion]
visceral
gap junctions
neuron
independently
pH
CO2
temperature
Cardiac Muscle – ____ appearance (____); ____ central nuclei;
cells separated by ____ that have gap jxn to allow AP’s to ____ via electrical synapse;
involuntary; lots of ____
striated
sarcomeres
one or TWO
intercalated discs
chain flow
mitochondria
Both smooth and cardiac muscle are ____ – capable of contracting without stimuli from nerve cells
myogenic
- Muscle fibers of single muscle don’t all contract at once. Single neuron innervates multiple muscle fibers (collectively called ____). Usually: smaller motor units activated ____, then larger ones as needed -> smooth increase in ____. Fine movement uses ____ motor units.
motor units
first
force
smallers
- Skeletal muscle types: Type I (____), lots of ____, lots of mitochondria, ____ endurance.
Type IIA: ____, endurance by not as much as type 1 (____ endurance).
Type IIB: ____, low ____, lots of ____, power.
slow-twitch
myoglobin
aerobic
fast-twitch
anaerobic
fast-twitch
myoglobin
glycogen
- Skeletal muscle generally doesn’t undergo ____ to create new muscle cells (____), but will increase in size (____)
mitosis
hyperplasia
hypertrophy
Unicellular locomotion-
- Protozoans & primitive algae – cilia or flagella by means of ____ and ____
- Amoeba – extend ____; advancing cell membrane extends forward
power stroke
recovery stroke
pseudopodia
Invertebrate locomotion
- Hydrostatic skeletons
- Flatworms – bi-layered muscles, ____ and ____, contract against ____
- —o Contraction causes hydrostatic skeleton to flow ____, lengthening animal
- Segmented worms (____) – advance by action of ____ on hydrostatic skeleton
- —o Bristles in lower part of each segment, ____, anchor worm in earth while muscles push ahead
longitudinal
circular
hydrostatic skeleton
longitudinally
annelids
muscles
setae
Exoskeleton
- Arthropods – insect exoskeletons composed of hard ____, necessitates ____ for growth
chitin
molting
Vertebrate Skeleton- comprised of an ____. Two major components are ____ and ____
endoskeleton
cartilage
bone
Vertebrate Skeleton
Cartilage – ____ connective tissue; softer and more flexible; (ex: ear, nose, larynx, trachea, joints)
o 3 types: ____ (most common – reduced friction/absorbs shock in joints), ____, and ____.
o from mesenchyme tissue -> ____ -> produce collagen (present in tissue as ____ with hydroxyproline and
hydroxylysine, ground substance, & elastin fibers ??. Composed primarily of collagen, receive nutrients via diffusion.
avascular hyaline fibrocartilage elastic chondrocytes triple helix
Vertebrate Skeleton
Bone – connective tissue; hard and strong, while elastic and lightweight
o Functions: support of ____, protection of ____, assistance in body movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage in form of ____ in marrow
soft tissue
internal organs
adipose cells
Bone has four types of cells surrounded by extensive matrix:
1. Osteoprogenitor/Osteogenic: differentiate into ____
- Osteoblasts: secrete collagen and organic compounds upon which bone is formed. Incapable of ____. As matrix released around them -> enveloped by matrix -> differentiate into ____ (remember, Blast means Build)
- Osteocytes: incapable of ____; exchange nutrients and waste material w/ blood
- Osteoclasts: resorb (destroy) bone matrix, releasing minerals back to blood. Develop from ____.
osteoblasts
mitosis
osteocytes
mitosis
monocytes
STRUCTURE OF BONE
Compact bone- highly organized, dense bone that doesn’t appear to have cavities from outside: osteoclasts burrow tunnels (____) throughout.
Osteoclasts are followed by osteoblasts, which lay down new matrix onto tunnel walls forming concentric rings (____).
Osteocytes trapped between the lamella (____) exchange nutrients via ____.
haversian canals
lamellae
lacunae
canaliculi
STRUCTURE OF BONE
COMPACT BONE
The Haversian canals also contain blood+lymph vessels and are connected by ____. Entire system of lamellae+Haversian canals is called an ____ (Haversian system). Compact bone is filled with yellow bone marrow that contains ____ cells for fat storage.
volkmann’s canals
osteon
adipose
STRUCTURE OF BONE
Spongy (____) bone- less dense and consists of an interconnecting lattice of bony spicules (____); filled with red bone marrow (site of ____ development)
cancellous
trabeculae
RBC
STRUCTURE OF BONE
***Bone growth occurs at cartilaginous ____ that are replaced by bone in ____. Bone increases in length but also in diameter along the ____ as well.
epiphyseal plates
adulthood
diaphysis
STRUCTURE OF BONE
Most of the Ca2+ in body is stored in bone matrix as ____
hydroxyapatite
Bone Formation – during ____ stage of development
o Endochondral ossification- ____ -> ____ (EX: long bones; limbs, fingers, toes)
o ____- undifferentiated connective tissue replaced by bone
(EX: flat bones; skull, sternum, mandible, clavicles)
FETAL
cartilage
bone
intramembranous ossification
____ contains bone nerves and blood supply
Haversian canal
Functions of skin:
- ____: helps regulate body temp
- ____: skin is a physical barrier to abrasion, bacteria, dehydration, many chemicals, UV radiation
- Environmental ____: skin gathers info about environment by sensing temp, pressure, pain, touch
- ____: water and salts excreted through skin
thermoregulation
protection
sensory input
excretion
Functions of skin:
- ____: specialized cells of the epidermis are components of immune system
- ____: Vessels in the dermis hold up to 10% of the blood in resting adult
- ____: UV radiation activates skin molecule that is a precursor to Vit D
immunity
blood reservoir
Vit D synthesis
