Ch. 14 - Ecology Flashcards
____ – nonliving (temp, climate, light and water availability, topology)
o Sunlight – ____ zone in water= light penetrates; all aquatic photosynthesis
____ zone–only animal and other heterotrophs
o Oxygen – air is ~ 80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen
- ____ – all living things that directly or indirectly influence the life of the organism
\_\_\_\_ abiotic photic aphotic biotic
- ____: group of individuals of same species living in the same area.
population
- ____: group of populations living in the same area.
community
- ____: describes interrelationships between organisms in a community and their physical environment.
ecosystem
- ____: composed of all regions of earth that contain living things. (ex. Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, etc)
biosphere
- ____: type of place where organism usually lives; including other organisms as well as physical, chemical environment.
habitat
- ____: describes all biotic and abiotic resources in the environment used by an organism. When an organism is said to occupy a niche, certain resources are consumed or certain qualities of environment are changed in some way by presence.
niche
____: study of growth, abundance, and distribution of populations.
population ecology
Population Ecology
____: N, total number of individuals in population.
size
Population Ecology
2. ____: total number of individuals per area or volume occupied.
density
Population Ecology
3. ____: describes how individuals in a population are distributed; may be
clumped, uniform, or random.
dispersion
Population Ecology
- ____: description of the abundance of individuals of each age. 3 2 1 (%
male) 0 (% female) 1 2 3 with horizontal bars for each age group.
age structure
Population Ecology
5. Survivorship curves: how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their
lifetimes.
a. ____: most individuals survive to middle age and dies quicker after this
age (human).
b. ____: length of survivorship is random (invertebrates-hydra).
c. ____: most individuals die young, with few surviving to reproductive age and beyond (oysters).
type 1
type 2
type 3
Population Ecology
6. Population Growth
a. ____: maximum growth rate under ideal conditions (unlimited resources and no restrictions). The
following factors contribute to biotic potential of a species: age at reproductive maturity, clutch size (# offspring produced at each reproduction), frequency of reproduction, reproductive lifetime, survivorship of offspring to reproductive maturity.
b. ____: maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by habitat.
c. Limiting factors: ____ (limiting effect becomes more intense as population density increases- competition, spread of disease, parasites, predation) and ____ (occur independently of density of population such as natural disasters or big temp changes).
- ____: r = (births – death)/N
____: ∆N/∆t = rN = births - deaths - ____: of growth is when the reproductive rate (r) is maximum (biotic potential).
biotic potential
carrying capacity (K)
density-dependent
density-independent
growth rate of population
change
intrinsic rate
Population Ecology
6. Population Growth
d. ____: occurs whenever reproductive rate (r) is greater than zero (J-shaped).
e. ____h: occurs when limiting factors restrict size of population to the carrying capacity of habitat.
∆N = rN (𝐾−𝑁) ∆t 𝐾
- K is carrying capacity. When population size increase -> growth rate ____ and reach 0 when population size reach ____ -> S-shaped.
exponential growth
logistic growth
decreases
carrying capacity
Population Ecology
6. Population Growth
- ____: fluctuations in population size in response to varying effects of limiting factors. when population grows over ____, it may be limited (lower) than the initial K due to the ____ caused to the habitat -> lower new carrying capacity K or it may crash to ____
population cycle
carrying capacity
damage
extinction
Two growths above are associated with two kinds of life-history:
____ – members have low reproductive rates and are roughly constant (at K) in size (ex. human population). Have a carrying capacity that population levels out at. Carrying capacity is a density dependent factor.
____ – rapid exponential population growth, numerous offspring, fast maturation, little postnatal care (ex. bacteria). Generally found in rapidly changing environments affected by density independent factors. Characterized by ____ (e.g. grasses, insects that quickly invade a habitat, reproduce, then die)
____ – enabled by: increase in food supply, reduction in disease (medicine), reduction in human wastes, habitat expansion (advancements now allow inhabitance of previously uninhabitable places)
____: amount of raw land necessary to sustain an individual’s lifestyle habits (consider eating, traveling, housing habits) ____ reflects the diversity of a community in regards to the total number of different species present
k-selected population r-selected population opportunistic species human population growth ecological footprint species richness
____: concerned with interaction of populations; such as ____ (different species).
community cology
interspecific competition
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
- ____: two species compete for exactly the same resources (or occupy the same niche), one is likely to be more successful (no two species can sustain ____ if they occupy the same niche).
competitive exclusion principle (Gauses’s principle)
coexistence
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
- ____: two species occupy same niche but pursue slightly different resources or securing their resources in different ways, individuals ____ competition and maximize success (multiple species-____ niches).
resource partitioining
minimize
slightly different
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
- ____: as a result of resource partitioning, certain traits allow for more success in obtaining resources in their partitions -> reduces ____ -> ____ of features (character displacement) such as different beak of birds on the same island. The mating calls of 2 species of frogs are different when they occupy the same
island. On separate islands, the mating calls are the same.
character displacement (niche shift)
competition
divergence
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
- ____: niche that an organism occupies in absence of competing species is its ____. When
competitors are present, one/both species may be able to coexist by occupying their ____, that part of their existence where ____ is absent (occupy areas of niche that don’t overlap so no competition for resources)
Example: One barnacle species can live on rocks that are exposed to full range of tides (fundamental). In natural environment, 2nd species of barnacle outcompetes the 1st, but only at lower tide levels where desiccation is minimal. The 1st species then only survive in its realized niche, the higher tide levels.
realized niche
fundamental niche
realized niches
niche overlap
COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
- ____: another form of community interaction.
a. ____: kills and eats another animal.
b. ____: spends most of its life living on host, host usually doesn’t die until parasite complete one life cycle.
c. ____: an insect that lays its eggs on host (insect or spider). After eggs hatch, larvae obtain nourishment by
consuming host’s tissues. Host eventually dies, but not until larvae complete development and begin pupation.
d. ____: animal that eats plants. ____ are seeds eater (act like predators totally consume organism).
____ (animals that eat grasses) and ____ (eat leaves) and eat only part 0> weaken it in process.
predation true predator parasite parasitoid herbivore granivores grazers browsers
- ____ – intimate, often permanent association b/w two organisms; may or may not be beneficial; some may be ____ (one or both organisms cannot survive w/o the other)
symbiosis
obligatory
SYMBIOSIS
____ – one benefits, the other is unaffected
- Remora and shark – remora gets food shark discards
- Barnacle and Whale – barnacle gets wider feeding opportunities
commensalism (+/o)
SYMBIOSIS
____ – both organisms benefit
Tick bird and Rhinoceros – bird gets food (ticks) and rhino loses ticks
Lichen (fungus + algae) – algae produces food for itself and fungus via photosynth; fungus provided CO2 and nitrogenous wastes
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria and Legumes – legumes provides nutrients for bacteria and bacteria fixes nitrogen
Protozoa and Termites – protozoa digests cellulose for termites, termites protect and provide food
Intestinal Bacteria and Humans – bacteria utilized food and provide vitamin K
mutualism (+/+)
SYMBIOSIS
____ – benefits at the expense of the host; bacteria and fungi; live with minimum expenditure of energy
Parasites can be ____ (cling to exterior of host) or ____ (live within the host)
Virus and Host cell – all viruses are parasites
Disease Bacteria and Animals – diphtheria is parasitic upon man; anthrax on sheep; tuberculosis on cow or man
Disease Fungi and Animals – ringworm is parasitic on man
Worms and Animals – tapeworm and man (less dangerous = more survival; better for parasite not to kill its host)
parasitism (+/-)
ectoparasites
endoparasites
____ – protists and fungi that decompose dead organic matter externally and absorb nutrients
saprophytism
____ consume dead animals directly (ex. Vulture, hyena, bacteria of decay)
scavengers
Intraspecific interactions between members of the same species are influenced by ____ and ____ (reproduction and protection from predators and weather) forces
disruptive (competition)
cohesive
Osmoregulation
a. ____ – live in hypoosmotic environment which causes excess intake of water; thus the fish ____ drink and excrete dilute urine
b. ____ – live in hyperosmotic environment; ____ drinking and excreting salt across their gills
c. ____ – secrete solid ____ crystals to conserve water
d. ____ – possess waxy cuticles on leaf surface and stomata and have stomata on the ____ leaf surfaces only; leaves shed in winter; desert
plants have extensive root systems, fleshy stems, spiny leaves, extra thick cuticles, and few stomata
freshwater fish seldom saltwater fish constantly arthropods uric acid plants lower
Thermoregulation
a. ____ – vast majority of plants and animals; body temp. is close to that of ____, so metabolism is radically
affected by ____.
b. ____ – make use of heat produced by respiration; physical adaptations like fat, hair, and feathers retard heat loss
(Ex: mammals and birds)
cold-blood (polklothermic)
surroundings
environmental temp
warm-blood (homeothermic)
____: evolution of one species in response to new adaptation that appear in another species.
coevolution
COEVOLUTION
- ____: toxic chemicals produced in plants that ____ would-be herbivores (tannins in
oaks/nicotine/ tobacco are toxic)
secondary compounds
discourage
COEVOLUTION
- ____: is any color, pattern, shape, or behavior that enables an animal to blend in with its surroundings. Both prey and predator benefit from camouflage.
camouflage (cryptic coloration)
