Ch. 2 - Cells Flashcards
Phospholipid membrane permeability – ______ (polar can only if ___) and hydrophobic molecules can ___ across the membrane. Everything else requires ___ (large, polar, charged molecules).
___
small, uncharged, nonpolar molecules
small and uncharged
freely pass
transporter
peripheral membrane proteins are generally ___; held in place by H-bonding and electrostatic interaction. Disrupt/detach by changing ___ or ___ to disrupt these interactions.
Integral proteins are ___; use ___ to destroy membrane and expose these proteins
hydrophilic
salt conc.
pH
hydrophobic
detergent
- Channel proteins: provide passageway through membrane for ___ (water-soluble) substances (polar, and charged).
**- Recognition proteins: such as major-histocompatibility complex on macrophage to distinguish between self and foreign; they are ___ due to oligosaccharides attached.
hydrophilic
glycoproteins
- Ion channels: passage of ions across membrane. Called gated channels in nerve and muscle cells, respond to stimuli. Note that these can be ___ (respond to difference in membrane potential), ___ (chemical binds and opens channel), or ___ (respond to pressure, vibration, temperature, etc).
**- Porins: allow passage of certain ions + small polar molecules. ___ increase rate of H2O passing (___). These tend not to be specific, they’re just large passages, if you can fit you’d go through.
voltage-gated
ligand-gated
mechanically-gated
aquaporins
kidney and plant root cells
- Carrier proteins: bind to ___, protein changes shape, molecule passed across. E.g. ___ into cell.(this is a type of transport protein). Carrier seems to be specific to movement across membrane via integral membrane protein.
specific molecules
glucose
- Transport proteins: can use ATP to transport materials across (___ ). Active transport. E.g. Na+-K+ pump to maintain gradients. ___ as well. Transport protein is a broad category that encompasses many of the above.
**- Adhesion proteins: attach cells to ___ , provide ___ for internal filaments and tubules (stability)
- Receptor proteins: binding site for ___ + other trigger molecules
not all transport use ATP
facilitated diffusion
neighboring cells
anchors
hormones
- Cholesterol: adds ___ to membrane of ___ under normal conditions (but at low temperatures it ___); sterols provide similar function in ___. Prokaryotes do not have cholesterol in their membranes (use ___ instead)
rigidity
an animal cell
maintains its fluidity
plant cells
hopanoids
**- Glycocalyx: a ___ coat that covers ___ of some bacteria and ___ (some animal cells). It consists of ___ (attached to plasma membrane) and ___ (such as recognition proteins). It may provide adhesive capabilities, a ___, or markers for cell-cell recognition.
carbohydrate
outer face of cell wall
outer face of plasma membrane
glycolipids
glycoproteins
barrier to infection
- Nucleus: ___ is the general packaging structure of DNA around proteins in eukaryotes, the tightness of the packaging varies depending on ___; ___ is tightly condensed chromatin when the cell is ready to divide; histones serve to organize DNA which coil around it into ___
chromatin
cell stage
chromosomes
bundle nucleosomes (8 histones)
___ inside the nucleus are the maker of ribosomes (rRNA). rRNA is synth’d in ___ + ribosomal proteins ___ = ribosomal subunits form; these subunits are ___ to the cytoplasm for final assembly into complete ribosome.
nucleolus
nucleolus
in the cytoplasm
exported
Nucleus bound by ___ nuclear envelope w/ nuclear pores for transport (mRNA, ribosome subunits, dNTPs, proteins like RNA polymerase + histones, etc) in/out. Note there is no “cytoplasm” in nucleus, there’s a ___ instead.
double layer
nucleoplasm
**- Nuclear Lamina: dense fibrillar network inside nucleus of ___ (___ + ___). Provides mechanical support; also helps regulate ___, ___, chromatin organization.
eukaryotic cells
intermediate filaments + membrane associated proteins
DNA replication
cell divison
- Nucleoid: irregular shaped region within the cell of ___ that contains all/most generic material
prokaryote
- Cytoplasm: this is an ___, not a ___! metabolic activity and transport occur here. ___ is streaming movement within cell. Doesn’t include ___, but does included cytosol, organelles, everything suspended w/in cytosol but nucleus
area
structure
cyclosis
nucleus
- Cytosol: difference vs cytoplasm here (cytosol doesn’t include the stuff suspended within the gel-like substance, it is ___. Think jello vs veggie stew.) (the cytosol is also known as ___)
just the gel-like stuff
cytoplasmic matrix
- Ribosomes: ___ = 80S, prokaryote (___ = 70S); the two subunits produced inside the nucloleus moved into the cytoplasm where they assembled into a single 80S ribosomes (larger S value indicates ___). Made of rRNA+protein, function to make proteins.
60S + 40S
50S + 30S
heavier molecule
**- ER: rough ER (with ribosomes) creates glycoproteins by attaching ___ to polypeptides as they are assembled by ___. In eukaryotes the rough ER is ___ with the outer nuclear membrane.
Smooth ER (no ribosomes) synthesizes ___ for export. In liver cells, smooth ER has functions in breakdown toxins, drugs, and toxic by-products from cellular rxn. Smooth and striated muscle have smooth ER’s called ___ that store and release ions, e.g. Ca 2+
polysaccharides
ribosomes
continuous
lipid and steroid hormoes
sarcoplasmic reticulum
**- Lysosomes: vesicles produced from Golgi that contain digestive enzymes (___ for function); break down nutrients/bacteria/cell debris. Any enzyme that escape from lysosomes remains ___ in the neutral pH of cytosol (other source says autolysis) (lysosomes in plant cell – maybe, but generally taught as none). Functions in ___ (releases contents into cell).
low pH
inactive
apoptosis
- Golgi: transport of various substances in vesicles (___ face is for incoming vesicles, trans face for secretory vesicles). Has flattened sacs known as ___.
cis
cisternae
**- Peroxisomes: break down substances (H2O2 +RH2 => R + 2H2O), fatty acid, and amino acid; common in ___ where they break toxic substances.
In plant cell, peroxisomes modify by-products of ___.
In germinating seeds, it is called ___ break down stored fatty acids to help generate energy for ___. Peroxisome produce ___ which they then use to oxidize substrates, they can also break down H2O2 if necessary (H2O2 => H2O + O2)
kidney and liver
photorespiration
glyoxysomes
growth
H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
**- Microtubules: made up of protein ___, provide support and motility for cellular activities; ___ which guide chromosomes during division; in flagella and cilia (9+2 array; 9 pairs + 2 singlets in center) in all ___ (mosses, ferns).
tubulin
spindle apparatus
animals and lower plants (NOT PROKARYOTES)
**- Intermediate filaments: provide support for maintaining cell shape. E.g. ___ .
keratin
- Microfilament: made up of ___ and involved in cell motility. (skeletal muscle, amoeba pseudopod, ___)
actin
cleavage furrow
**- Microtubules organizing centers (MTOCs): include ___ (are at the base of each ___ and ___). 9x3 array.
Plant cells lack ___ and its division is by ___ instead of cleavage furrow – note that plants DO have MTOC’s.
centrioles and basal bodies cilium/flagellum organize their development centrioles cell plate
- Transport vacuoles: move materials between ___ or organelles and the ___
organelles
plasma membrane
- Food vacuoles: temporary receptacles of nutrients; merge with ___ which break down food.
lysosomes
- Central vacuoles: large, occupy most of ___ , exert ___ when fully filled to maintain rigidity. Also store nutrients, carry out functions performed by ___ in animal cells. Have a specialized membrane (___ )
plant cell interior
turgor
lysosomes
tonoplast
**- Storage vacuoles: plants store ___, pigments, and toxic substances (nicotine).
starch
**- Contractile vacuoles: in ___ that collect and pump excess water out of the cells (___).
___ transport. Found in Protista like amoeba and paramecia, organisms live in ___ environment.
single-celled organisms
prevent bursting
active
hypotonic
- Cell walls: found in plants, fungi, protists, and bacteria (___ in plants; ___ in fungi; ___ in bacteria, ___ in archea). Provides support. Sometimes a ___develops beneath the primary one.
cellulose chitin peptidoglycans polysaccharides secondary cell wall
**- Extracellular matrix: found in ___, in area between adjacent cells (beyond plasma membrane and glycocalyx); occupied by fibrous structural proteins, adhesion proteins, and polysaccharides secreted by cells; provide mechanical support and helps bind adjacent cells (___ is most common here, we also see ___; network of collagen and proteoglycans connected to ___ in the cell membrane via fibronectin). Laminin can be seen as well (acts similar to ___)
animals collagen integrin+fibronectin integrins fibronectin
cells adhere to the ECM in two ways: ___ (connection of ECM to ___ in the cell) and ___ (connection of ECM to ___ e.g. keratin).
focal adhesions
actin filaments
hemidesmosomes
intermediate filaments
- Plastids: found in ___.
Chloroplasts (site of ___), leucoplasts (can specialize to store starch/___/protein as amyloplasts/___/proteinoplasts respectively, or serve general biosynthetic fxns), chromoplasts (store ___)
plant cells photosynthesis lipid elaioplasts carotenoids
Mitochondria: make ATP, also ___ (B-oxidation)! (fatty acids are made in ___). Also have their own ___ and ___ (gives rise to endosymbiotic theory!). Have a ___ layered membrane.
fatty acid catabolism cytosol circular DNA ribosomes double
**Cytoskeleton: ___ (ex. flagella & cilia), microfilaments, ___.
In eukaryotic cells, aids in ___, cell
crawling, and the movement of cytoplasm and organelles.
microtubules
intermediate filaments
cell divison
Note on plant cells: in a ___ solution (their normal state), vacuole swells -> ___.
In isotonic, the plant cell is ___.
In hypertonic, the cell is ___ – cytoplasm is pulled away from the cell wall.
Fungal cells also remain turgid due to cell wall, but animal cells will ___ (cytolysis).
hypotonic
turgid
flaccid
plasmolyzed
burst
The ___ is the network of organelles and structures, either directly or indirectly connected, that function in the ___ and other macromolecules into or out of the cell. Includes plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vacuoles, vesicles,
endosomes but not the ___ or ___.
endomembrane system
transport of proteins
mitochondria
chloroplasts
INTRACELLULAR Circulation
o Brownian movement (particles move due to ___ spreads small suspended particles throughout ___)
o Cyclosis/streaming: circular motion of ___ around cell ___
o Endoplasmic Reticulum: Provides channel through cytoplasm, provides direct continuous passageway from ___ to nuclear membrane
kinetic energy
cytoplasm
cytoplasm
transport molecules
plasma membrane
EXTRACELLULAR Circulation
o Diffusion: If cells in close contact with ___, can suffice for food and ___. Also used for transport of materials between ___ and ___ around cells in more complex animals
o Circulatory system: complex animals w/ cell too far from ___ require one. Use vessels.
external environment
respiration needs
cells
interstitial fluid
external environment
**- Anchoring junctions: ___ (keratin filaments inside attach to adhesion plaques which bind ___ together via connecting adhesion proteins, providing mechanical stability, hold cellular structures together). In ___ cells. Present in tissues with ___ – skin epithelium, cervix/uterus
desmosome
adjacent cells
animal
mechanical stress
- Tight junctions: completely ___ each cell, producing a seal that prevents the ___; characteristic of cells lining the ___ where materials are required to pass through cells into blood (They prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the ___ between cells. So materials must actually enter the cells (by diffusion or active transport) in order to pass through the tissue). In ___cells.
encircles passage of materials BETWEEN cells digestive tract space animal
Gap junction: narrow tunnels between animal cells (___); prevent cytoplasms of each cell from ___, but allow passage of ions and small molecules; essentially channel proteins of two adjacent cells that are ___ (smooth muscle single of spreading action potential). In ___ cells. Tissue like heart have these to pass ___.
connexins mixing closely aligned animal electrical impulses
- Plasmodesmata: narrow tunnels between ___ cells (narrow tube of endoplasmic reticulum-___; but exchange material through ___ surrounding the desmotubule)
plant
desmotubule
cytoplasms
**Eukaryotes include all organisms except for bacteria, cyanobacteria, and ___. Prokaryotes have a
plasma membrane, DNA molecule, ___, cytoplasm, and cell wall.
In prokaryotes:
- ___.
- Cell walls (___); archea (___) – many have sticky capsules on wall
- Single (circular) naked ___ DNA (___).
- Prokaryote (50S + 30S = ___);
- Flagella are constructed from ___ NOT microtubules in prokaryotes.
archaebacteria
ribosomes
no nucleus
peptidoglycans
polysaccharides
DS
no chromtin
70S
flagellin
Hypertonic (___ solute concentration), hypotonic (___ solute concentration), isotonic (___ solute
concentration)
higher
lower
equal
Bulk Flow = collective movement of substances in the ___ direction in response to a ______ (e.g.
blood)
same
force or pressure
Passive Transport –
- Simple diffusion, osmosis, dialysis (diffusion of different solutes across a selectively permeable membrane), plasmolysis (movement of water out of a cell that results in its ___), facilitated diffusion, countercurrent exchange (diffusion by bulk flow in ___ – blood and water in fish gills).
Note: diffusion is ___, some few particles still move against the gradient because molecule movement is ___, but net diffusion is generally what we talk about.
collapse
opposite directions
net
random
Active Transport – movement of transports against their concentration gradients ___ energy. Usually solutes like small ions, amino acids, monosaccharides
requiring
- Endocytosis: uses ATP (___) (exocytosis is ___) (Cliff’s FC says bulk flow is active too…?)
- Phagocytosis: undissolved material (___) enters cell; white blood cell engulfs. Plasma membrane wraps outward around.
- Pinocytosis: dissolved material (___). Plasma membrane ___.
- Receptor-mediated: a form of \_\_\_; specific molecules (\_\_\_) bind to receptors; proteins that transport cholesterol in blood (\_\_\_) and hormones target specific cells by this.
active process
active process
solid
liquid
invaginates
pinocytosis
ligand
LDL (low density lipoproteins)
