Ch. 13 - Animal Behaviors Flashcards
Genetic Basis of Behavior: can be inherited through ____ (innate-molded by natural selection-increase fitness) or ____. Behavioral ecology is the study of behavior that seeks to explain how specific behaviors ____.
____
genes
learned
increase fitness
Kinds of Animal Behavior
- Simple and Complex Reflexes
a. ____- automatic 2 nerve (afferent/efferent) response to stimulus controlled @ ____ (lower animals)
b. ____- automatic response to significant stimulus (controlled @ ____ or even cerebrum)
i. Ex: ____- controlled by the ____ activating system
simple spinal cord complex brainstem startle response reticular
Kinds of Animal Behavior
- Instinct- behavior that is innate, or inherited
a. Ex: In mammals, care for offspring by ____
female parents
Kinds of Animal Behavior
- Fixed action patterns (FAP) - innate behaviors following a ____ pattern. Initiated by a specific stimulus called ____ (releaser when between members of ____), and completed even if original intent of behavior cannot be ____
a. Ex: Goose methodically rolling egg back to nest even if it slips away or is removed
b. Ex: Male stickleback fish ____ territory against any object with red underside
c. Ex: Swimming actions of fish/flying actions of locusts
regular, unvarying sign stimuli same species fulfilled defends
Kinds of Animal Behavior
4. Imprinting- innate program for acquiring specific behavior only if appropriate stimulus is experienced during ____. Once acquired, trait is ____
a. Ex: Gay goslings accepting any moving object as ____ during first day of life
b. Ex: salmon hatch in freshwater, migrate to ocean to feed, return to birthplace to breed based on ____ associated w/ birthplace
critical period
irreversible
mother
imprinted
Kinds of Animal Behavior
Associative learning- occurs when an animal recognizes (learns) that events are ____. A form called ____ occurs when animal performs behavior in response to ____ stimulus rather than normal stimulus
i. Ex: Dogs salivate when presented with food. PAVLOV bell ringing prior to food, could stimulate ____ with bell alone
ii. Established innate reflex is ____ (food causing salivation), natural response to that is the unconditioned response (salivation)
iii. Association of bell with food leads to it becoming ____ that will elicit response even in absence of the unconditioned stimulus. Product of this conditioning experience is called the ____ (salivation)
connected
classical conditioning
substitute
salivation
uncondtioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
Kinds of Animal Behavior
Associative learning
Trial-and-error learning (____ conditioning)- another form of associative learning that occurs when animal connects its own behavior with ____. If response is desirable (positive reinforcement), animal will repeat behavior. If negative/undesirable (painful, e.g. punishment), animal avoids behavior (positive reinforcement = add something good to ____ a behavior; negative reinforcement = take away something bad to increase a behavior vs positive punishment = add something bad to ____ behavior; negative punishment = take away something ____ to decrease behavior)
i. Learned behavior can be reversed in absence of reinforcement; behavior no longer elicits the response (____)
ii. Recovery of conditioned response to conditioned stimulus after delay following extinction = ____
operant environmental response, reward increase decrease good extinction spontaneous recovery
Kinds of Animal Behavior
Associative learning
c. Spatial learning- Another form of associative learning. Animal associates attributes of ____ with reward of identifying and returning ____
i. Ex: Wasps able to associate pinecones with location of nest (lost upon removal)
landmark
to that location
Kinds of Animal Behavior
- ____- animal copies behavior of another without having experienced any feedback themselves
a. Ex: All monkeys followed lead of first by washing off potato in water
observational learning
Kinds of Animal Behavior
- ____- When animal exposed to new situation w/out prior exp., performs a behavior that generates (+) outcome
a. Chimpanzee stacks boxes to reach bananas previously out of reach
insight
Some behaviors appear learned but are actually innate behaviors that require ____ (ex: bird appears to learn to fly by trial+error or observational learning, but if raised in isolation will fly on first try if physically capableflight ability is innate but requires physical maturation).
maturation
- Inherited behaviors: evolved because they ____. Innate behaviors (e.g. FAP) provide successful/dependable mechanism to an expected event; challenge need not be ____ repeatedly by every new generation. In contrast imprinting provides ____ -> if mother killed, imprint -> new mother ____ (likely same species)
increase fitness
resolved
flexibility
chosen
- Associative learning: allows individuals to benefit from exposure to ____ events. ____ allows individuals to ignore repetitive events known to be inconsequential from exp. -> can remain focused on other, more meaningful events. ____ provide mechanism to learn new behaviors in response to ____ w/out receiving reinforcement -> reduces time for new behavior to be acquired
unexpected
habituation
observational and insight
unexpected events
- Daily cycles of behavior are ____
circadian rhythms
- Learning involves ____ to the environment; in higher animals capacity of learning closely associated with degree of neurological development
adaptive responses
-____: conditioned organism responds to stimuli similar but not identical to original conditioned stimulus. ____ involves the ability of the learning organism to differentially respond to slightly different stimuli (e.g. only respond to 990 to 1010 Hz range). ____ = further from original conditioned stimulus, lesser the magnitude of response
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization gradient
C. Animal Movement
- ____: an ____ (without direction) change in ____ of an animal’s movement in response to a stimulus; slow down in favorable environment and speed up in unfavorable environment. Ex: animals scurrying when rock is lifted up
- ____: ____ movement in response to stimulus. Movement is either ____ from stimulus. ____ is the movement toward light. Ex: moths moving toward light, sharks moving toward food odors
- ____: long-distance, seasonal movement of animals. Usually in response to availability of food/degradation of environmental conditions. Ex: migration by whales, birds, elk, insects, and bats to warmer climates.
kinesis undirected speed taxis directed toward/away phototaxis migration
D. Communication in Animals
1. ____- chemicals used for communication are ____. Chemicals that trigger reversible behavioral changes are
called ____; those that cause long term physiological (and behavioral) changes are called ____. Pheromones may be smelled or ____.
a. Ex: Doe in heat – releaser pheromones
b. Ex: Queen bees and aunts secrete primer pheromones to prevent development of reproductive capability
2. ____- during displays of aggression (agonistic behavior) or during courtship
a. Ex: aggression- wolves baring teeth/ submission- laying on back
b. Ex: Male sage grouse assemble into groups (____) to perform courtship dance
3. ____
a. Ex: whale sound, elephant infrasound, frog calls, and songs of male birds
4. ____
a. Common in social bonding, infant care, grooming, and mating
chemical pheromones releaser pheromones primer pheromones eaten visual leks auditory tactile
E. Foraging Behavior: optimize feeding (minimize energy spent and risk)
- Herds, flocks, schools: several advantages, uses cooperation (carry out a behavior more successfully as a group_
a. ____: most individuals in flock are hidden from view.
b. ____: in a group, individuals can trade off foraging and watching for predators.
c. ____: a group of individuals can shield their young or mob their predator. - Packs: enable members to corner and successfully attack large prey.
- ____: help animals find favored or plentiful food based on specific and/or abbreviated target ‘image’; ex spotting a ____ (black and white search image), book on shelf (color and shape w/out reading title)
concealment vigilance defense search images police car
F. Social Behavior
- ____
a. Provide benefit of concealment, vigilance, and defense - ____
a. Allow members to corner and attack large prey - ____
a. Help animals find favored or plentiful food
i. Ex: Black and white search image = police car for humans
herds, flocks, and schools
packs
search images
Social Behavior
- ____ - (aggression and submission)- Ex: dog wagging tail
a. Originates from competition from food, mates, or territory
b. Agnostic behavior is ritualized, so injuries and time spent in contests are minimized - ____ – indicate power and status relationship in a group; minimize fighting for food/mates
a. ____- linear order of status used to describe dominance hierarchy in chickens - ____- active possession and defense of territory- ensures adequate food/place to mate
agonistic behvaior
dominance hierarchies
pecking order
territoriality
Social Behavior
4. ____- seemingly unselfish behavior that appears to reduce fitness of individual- when an animal risks
its safety in defense of another/in order to help another individual rear its young
a. Actually increases ____ (fitness of individual plus relatives [who share some identical genes])
b. ____- natural selection that increases inclusive fitness
c. Ex: Squirrels alarm when predator comes -> risky to self but save daughters, mothers, sisters, and aunts ->
kin selection.
d. Ex: ____ reproductive system of bees- males are haploid (unfertilized egg of queen) and female
workers and queen are diploid (fertilized eggs). Females are highly related to each other (same father whose genes all come from a queen mother + same queen). Inclusive fitness of female workers is greater if she promotes production of sisters
altruistic behavior
inclusive fitness
kin selection
haplodiploid
