ch 4 key terms Flashcards
anisotropic
exhibiting different mechanical properties in response to loads from different directions
appendicular skeleton
bones composing the body appendages
articular cartilage
protective layer of firm, flexible connective tissue over the articulating ends of long bones
axial skeleton
skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs
bone atrophy
decrease in bone mass resulting from a predominance of OSTEOCLAST activity
bone hypertrophy
increase in bone mass resulting from a predominance of OSTEOBLAST activity
compressive strength
ability to resist pressing or squeezing
cortical bone
compact mineralized connective tissue with low porosity that is found in the shafts of long bones
epiphysis
growth center of a bone that produces new bone tissue as part of the normal growth process until it closes during adolescence or early adulthood
flat bones
skeletal structures that are largely flat in shape-for example, the scapula
fracture
disruption in the continuity of a bone
impacted
pressed together by a compressive load
irregular bones
skeletal structures of irregular shapes- for example, the sacrum
lever
a relatively rigid object that may be made to rotate about an axis by the application of force
long bones
skeletal structures consisting of a long shaft with bulbous ends-for example, the femur
osteoblasts
specialized bone cells that BUILD NEW bone tissue
osteoclasts
specialized bone cells that RESORB
osteoclasts
specialized bone cells that RESORB bone tissue
osteopenia
condition of reduced bone mineral density that predisposes the individual to fractures
osteoporosis
disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength with one to more resulting fractures
periosteum
double-layered membrane covering bone; muscle tendons attach to the outside layer, and the internal layer is a side of osteoblast activity
porous
containing pores or cavities
short bones
small, cubical skeletal structures, including the carpals and tarsals
stiffness
ratio of stress to strain in a loaded material- that is, the stress divided by the relative amount of change in the structure’s shape
strain
amount of deformation divided by the original length of the structure or by the original angular orientation of the structure
stress fracture
fracture resulting from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude
stress reaction
progressive bone pathology associated with repeated loading
tensile strength
ability to resist pulling or stretching force
trabecular bone
less compact mineralized connective tissue with high porosity that is found in the ends of long bones and in the vertebrae
