ch 4 key terms

Question 1

anisotropic

Answer 1

exhibiting different mechanical properties in response to loads from different directions

Question 2

appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

bones composing the body appendages

Question 3

articular cartilage

Answer 3

protective layer of firm, flexible connective tissue over the articulating ends of long bones

Question 4

axial skeleton

Answer 4

skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs

Question 5

bone atrophy

Answer 5

decrease in bone mass resulting from a predominance of OSTEOCLAST activity

Question 6

bone hypertrophy

Answer 6

increase in bone mass resulting from a predominance of OSTEOBLAST activity

Question 7

compressive strength

Answer 7

ability to resist pressing or squeezing

Question 8

cortical bone

Answer 8

compact mineralized connective tissue with low porosity that is found in the shafts of long bones

Question 9

epiphysis

Answer 9

growth center of a bone that produces new bone tissue as part of the normal growth process until it closes during adolescence or early adulthood

Question 10

flat bones

Answer 10

skeletal structures that are largely flat in shape-for example, the scapula

Question 11

fracture

Answer 11

disruption in the continuity of a bone

Question 12

impacted

Answer 12

pressed together by a compressive load

Question 13

irregular bones

Answer 13

skeletal structures of irregular shapes- for example, the sacrum

Question 14

lever

Answer 14

a relatively rigid object that may be made to rotate about an axis by the application of force

Question 15

long bones

Answer 15

skeletal structures consisting of a long shaft with bulbous ends-for example, the femur

Question 16

osteoblasts

Answer 16

specialized bone cells that BUILD NEW bone tissue

Question 17

osteoclasts

Answer 17

specialized bone cells that RESORB

Question 18

osteoclasts

Answer 18

specialized bone cells that RESORB bone tissue

Question 19

osteopenia

Answer 19

condition of reduced bone mineral density that predisposes the individual to fractures

Question 20

osteoporosis

Answer 20

disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength with one to more resulting fractures

Question 21

periosteum

Answer 21

double-layered membrane covering bone; muscle tendons attach to the outside layer, and the internal layer is a side of osteoblast activity

Question 22

porous

Answer 22

containing pores or cavities

Question 23

short bones

Answer 23

small, cubical skeletal structures, including the carpals and tarsals

Question 24

stiffness

Answer 24

ratio of stress to strain in a loaded material- that is, the stress divided by the relative amount of change in the structure’s shape

Question 25

strain

Answer 25

amount of deformation divided by the original length of the structure or by the original angular orientation of the structure

Question 26

stress fracture

Answer 26

fracture resulting from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude

Question 27

stress reaction

Answer 27

progressive bone pathology associated with repeated loading

Question 28

tensile strength

Answer 28

ability to resist pulling or stretching force

Question 29

trabecular bone

Answer 29

less compact mineralized connective tissue with high porosity that is found in the ends of long bones and in the vertebrae