Question 1

During the first year, growth is _____; it _____ during the preschool and elementary-school years, and is _____ in early adolescence.

Accepted Answer

Rapid; levels off; rapid.

Question 2

Growth follows two distinct trends. What are they?

Accepted Answer

Cephalocaudal: from head to foot. Proximiodistal: from close in to further out.

Question 3

What develops before control of extremities?

Accepted Answer

Gross muscle control.

Question 4

Changes in physical development from one generation to the next are known as what?

Accepted Answer

Secular growth trends.

Question 5

Growth charts are typically separated by age (0-36 months). What percentage do they calculate?

Accepted Answer

Low Ideal Body Weight Percentage.

Question 6

Why is sleep essential for growth?

Accepted Answer

80% of growth hormone secreted during sleep.

Question 7

Sleep patterns, needs, and problems change over the course of maturation. What problems do each of these groups tend to have: - infants/toddlers - preschoolers - younger school-aged children - adolescents and adults

Accepted Answer

Infants/toddlers: night-waking problems. Preschoolers: falling-asleep problems. Younger school-aged: going-to-bed problems. Adolescents and adults: difficulty going to or staying asleep, or having enough time to sleep.

Question 8

Adolescents have difficulty waking up in the morning because their biological clocks are different than children and adults. Why is this? Does this pose any problems?

Accepted Answer

Adolescent circadian rhythms are later due to delayed release of melatonin. Early school = increased risk of accidents, decreased grades.

Question 9

What is considered the optimal way to provide nourishment? What is a benefit to alternatives?

Accepted Answer

Breastfeeding. Alternatives can be useful for bonding with others relatives and for mothers with postpartum depression.

Question 10

No solid food is recommended for how long? How long is breastfeeding/formulas recommended?

Accepted Answer

~6 months. 12 months.

Question 11

Describe the general appetite of a child. How can social environment influence food choices?

Accepted Answer

Unpredictable; like of familiar foods. Imitate admired people; repeated exposure to foods (recommended 25 times); emotional climate, parental pressure; poverty.

Question 12

In a 2-month-old, roughly _____ of the body's energy is devoted to growth.

Accepted Answer

40%

Question 13

Strained meats are introduced at _____ months, and finely chopped table foods are introduced at _____ months.

Accepted Answer

7-9; 10-12.

Question 14

How many calories should a preschooler consume a day?

Accepted Answer

1500-1700

Question 15

Describe nutrition in adolescence. Are any deficiencies common? What can lead to healthier eating?

Accepted Answer

Food intake increases dramatically, poor food choices are common. Iron, calcium, magnesium, vitamin B2 deficiencies are common. More family meals are linked to healthier eating.

Question 16

Define a "picky/fussy eater." How high is the prevalence?

Accepted Answer

Rejecting familiar and new foods, resulting in restricted and habitual variety of foods. 24-40% of typically developing children.

Question 17

List five guidelines for encouraging children to be more open-minded about foods and for dealing with them when they aren't.

Accepted Answer

Allow to pick among different healthy foods. Allow to eat foods in any order they want. Offer new foods one at a time and in small amounts; encourage but don't force to eat new foods. When reject new food, continue to offer it over several meals so it becomes familiar. Don't force to "clean their plate."

Question 18

Regarding feeding-related disorders, list four circumstances where there is cause for concern.

Accepted Answer

Weight loss / poor growth. Nutrient deficiency. Failure to thrive: describes serious growth and nutritional problems in infants. It is impairing family life.

Question 19

Worldwide, approximately how many children under 5 are malnourished? How many Canadian children live in poverty?

Accepted Answer

1 in 3; 1 in 7.

Question 20

Malnutrition is especially damaging in infancy. Why?

Accepted Answer

Growth is rapid.

Question 21

Malnourished children tend to be what three things?

Accepted Answer

Listless, inactive, and often have learning difficulties.

Question 22

Effective treatment for malnutrition includes what?

Accepted Answer

Both diet and parent training to foster healthy development.

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Ch. 4: Growth and Health Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM