Ch. 4: Growth and Health Flashcards
During the first year, growth is _____; it _____ during the preschool and elementary-school years, and is _____ in early adolescence.
Rapid; levels off; rapid.
Growth follows two distinct trends. What are they?
Cephalocaudal: from head to foot.
Proximiodistal: from close in to further out.
What develops before control of extremities?
Gross muscle control.
Changes in physical development from one generation to the next are known as what?
Secular growth trends.
Growth charts are typically separated by age (0-36 months). What percentage do they calculate?
Low Ideal Body Weight Percentage.
Why is sleep essential for growth?
80% of growth hormone secreted during sleep.
Sleep patterns, needs, and problems change over the course of maturation. What problems do each of these groups tend to have:
- infants/toddlers
- preschoolers
- younger school-aged children
- adolescents and adults
Infants/toddlers: night-waking problems.
Preschoolers: falling-asleep problems.
Younger school-aged: going-to-bed problems.
Adolescents and adults: difficulty going to or staying asleep, or having enough time to sleep.
Adolescents have difficulty waking up in the morning because their biological clocks are different than children and adults. Why is this? Does this pose any problems?
Adolescent circadian rhythms are later due to delayed release of melatonin.
Early school = increased risk of accidents, decreased grades.
What is considered the optimal way to provide nourishment? What is a benefit to alternatives?
Breastfeeding.
Alternatives can be useful for bonding with others relatives and for mothers with postpartum depression.
No solid food is recommended for how long? How long is breastfeeding/formulas recommended?
~6 months.
12 months.
Describe the general appetite of a child. How can social environment influence food choices?
Unpredictable; like of familiar foods.
Imitate admired people; repeated exposure to foods (recommended 25 times); emotional climate, parental pressure; poverty.
In a 2-month-old, roughly _____ of the body’s energy is devoted to growth.
40%
Strained meats are introduced at _____ months, and finely chopped table foods are introduced at _____ months.
7-9; 10-12.
How many calories should a preschooler consume a day?
1500-1700
Describe nutrition in adolescence. Are any deficiencies common? What can lead to healthier eating?
Food intake increases dramatically, poor food choices are common.
Iron, calcium, magnesium, vitamin B2 deficiencies are common.
More family meals are linked to healthier eating.
Define a “picky/fussy eater.” How high is the prevalence?
Rejecting familiar and new foods, resulting in restricted and habitual variety of foods.
24-40% of typically developing children.
List five guidelines for encouraging children to be more open-minded about foods and for dealing with them when they aren’t.
Allow to pick among different healthy foods.
Allow to eat foods in any order they want.
Offer new foods one at a time and in small amounts; encourage but don’t force to eat new foods.
When reject new food, continue to offer it over several meals so it becomes familiar.
Don’t force to “clean their plate.”
Regarding feeding-related disorders, list four circumstances where there is cause for concern.
Weight loss / poor growth.
Nutrient deficiency.
Failure to thrive: describes serious growth and nutritional problems in infants.
It is impairing family life.
Worldwide, approximately how many children under 5 are malnourished? How many Canadian children live in poverty?
1 in 3; 1 in 7.
Malnutrition is especially damaging in infancy. Why?
Growth is rapid.
Malnourished children tend to be what three things?
Listless, inactive, and often have learning difficulties.
