Question 1

What are the four systems in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory?

Accepted Answer

Individual. Mesosystem (immediate family, neighbourhood play area, etc.). Exosystem (extended family, workplace, community health services, etc). Macrosystem (values, laws, customs).

Question 2

What are two primary dimensions in parenting styles? Which is considered ideal?

Accepted Answer

Warmth and responsiveness. Control (setting age-appropriate standards, consistent communication of rules, good communication). High levels of warmth and responsiveness, moderate levels of control.

Question 3

What are the 4 parenting styles proposed by Baumrind? In general, which is associated with best outcomes for children?

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian: high control, little warmth. Authoritative: fair control with warmth and responsiveness. Permissive: warmth and caring but little control. Uninvolved: neglectful. Best outcomes: Authoritative.

Question 4

Parental styles vary not only across cultures, but within cultures, depending on what?

Accepted Answer

Parents' socioeconomic status, level of stress.

Question 5

Regarding parental behaviour, describe direct instruction, observing, and feedback.

Accepted Answer

Direct instruction: telling children what to do, when, and why. Observing: children learn from watching others and from counterimitation (learning what should not be done). Feedback: reinforcement useful, but parents often unknowingly reinforce behaviours they want to prevent (negative reinforcement trap).

Question 6

To be effective, research indicates that punishment needs to be what three things?

Accepted Answer

Administered by person with whom child has a warm affectionate relationship. Accompanied by an explanation and suggestions for future ways of behaving. Administered promptly and consistently.

Question 7

List three serious disadvantages to punishment.

Accepted Answer

Behaviours are only stopped temporarily. Child may be too angry or upset to learn alternative behaviour. Child may imitate aggressive behaviours of parent with peers and younger siblings, leading to behaviour problems.

Question 8

Regarding influences of the marital system, what three things among couples often cause problems?

Accepted Answer

Lack of teamwork. Competition for child's attention. Gatekeeping.

Question 9

Parents’ expressions of warmth and control change as children age. They behave differently depending on what?

Accepted Answer

Child's specific behaviour and temperament (e.g., may become less affectionate and more controlling with difficult child).

Question 10

Influence between parents and children is _____.

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal.

Question 11

Describe the impact of divorce on children.

Accepted Answer

Affects academic life and relationship with parents. In second year, most adjust (quicker if parents cooperative).

Question 12

Does divorce leave children at higher risk for emotional and behavioural problems? What are negative effects related to?

Accepted Answer

Overall risk is higher, but majority do not experience long-term negative effects. Related to parental absence, economic hardship, conflict between parents.

Question 13

Describe the impact of blended families on children.

Accepted Answer

Benefit from presence of warm and supportive step-parent. Adolescents do not adjust as easily to remarriage as younger children.

Question 14

In what form of punishment must a child who misbehaves sit alone in a quiet, unstimulating location? What is the alternative?

Accepted Answer

Time out. Time in: adult talks with child immediately, to help understand situation and their own feelings.

Question 15

Describe the five styles of grandparenting that have been identified.

Accepted Answer

Influential: close to grandchildren, involved in lives, frequently perform parental roles (including discipline). Supportive: close and involved, but do not take on parental roles. Authority-oriented: provide discipline, otherwise not particularly active in lives. Passive: caught up in development but not with intensity of influential or supportive; do not assume parental roles. Detached: uninvolved.

Question 16

Children and adolescents benefit from _____ involvement of grandparents.

Accepted Answer

Active.

Question 17

Grandparents are especially active in the lives of which children?

Accepted Answer

Immigrant and minority children; particularly First Nations grandmothers.

Question 18

Children reared by gay and lesbian parents seem to develop how?

Accepted Answer

Much like children raised by heterosexual parents.

Question 19

Multiple adults involved in child rearing is important, but research suggests what?

Accepted Answer

Who adults are matters less than what they do.

Question 20

How do parents tend to treat laterborn children compared to firstborn?

Accepted Answer

Have more realistic expectations, more relaxed in their discipline.

Question 21

Describe predicted outcomes for firstborn children and laterborn. What about only children?

Accepted Answer

Firstborn children generally have higher scores on intelligence tests, more likely to go to university, more willing to conform to adults’ request. Laterborn tend to be more popular and innovative. Only children more likely to succeed in school, have higher levels of intelligence, leadership, autonomy, maturity.

Question 22

Compared to children who live with their biological parents, adopted children are what?

Accepted Answer

Similar in temperament, attachment, and cognitive development.

Question 23

Adopted children tend to have more problems with what? How does quality of life play a role?

Accepted Answer

Adjusting to school, more likely to experience conduct disorders. Quality of life before adoption places some children at risk; most adopted children experience positive outcomes.

Question 24

Distress associated with the birth of a new sibling can be avoided if parents are what?

Accepted Answer

Responsive to older sibling.

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Ch. 14: Social Influences Flashcards

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