Ch. 11: Understanding Self and Others

Question 1

By 15 months, infants begin to show what in mirror task?

Answer 1

Self-recognition.

Question 2

At 18-24 months, children look more at what photos and refer to self by what?

Answer 2

Photos of self; by name or personal pronoun.

Question 3

What is autobiographical memory?

Answer 3

Awareness of self extending over time.

Question 4

Self-concept comes from what?

Answer 4

Self-awareness.

Question 5

Adolescents use what type of reasoning to experiment with different selves and imagine themselves in different roles?

Answer 5

Hypothetical.

Question 6

Regarding identity, adolescence is characterized by what four things?

Answer 6

Egocentrism.

Imaginary audience.

Personal fable.

Illusion of invulnerability.

Question 7

Per Marcia (1991), what are the four stages of identity?

Answer 7

Diffusion: confused or overwhelmed by the task.

Foreclosure: identity determined largely by adults.

Moratorium: examining alternatives.

Achievement: chosen a specific identity.

Question 8

Bicultural identity includes a comfortable identification with what?

Answer 8

Both the majority culture and one’s own ethnic culture.

Question 9

Many are able to maintain strong ties to both ethnic and mainstream cultures. What about others?

Answer 9

Find identifying with mainstream culture weakens ethnic ties and may create conflict with parents.

Question 10

A strong ethnic identity benefits _____ and _____.

Answer 10

Self-esteem; relationships.

Question 11

The nature of ethnic identity changes over generations of _____.

Answer 11

Assimilation.

Question 12

Define acculturation.

Answer 12

Process of integrating into and adopting the customs of a different culture.

Question 13

In most ways, LGBTQ youth are developmentally indistinguishable from their heterosexual peers. However, the face some special challenges. List two.

Answer 13

Due to stigma, often difficult for LGBTQ youth to recognize or accept own sexual preferences.

Can be extremely difficult to reveal their sexual identity to others.

Question 14

LGBTQ youth may go through 3 stages. What are they?

Answer 14

Test and exploration.

Identity acceptance.

Identity integration.

Question 15

Children have differentiated view of themselves by what age? What 4 areas of self-esteem emerge in elementary school years?

Answer 15

4-5 years old.

Scholastic, athletic, social, and physical.

Question 16

Harter (1999) defines global self-worth in adolescence as what?

Answer 16

The discrepancy between actual and ideal selves, and the perceived relative importance of that discrepancy.

Question 17

Self-esteem is highest in what group? What leads to drops in self-esteem and when does this occur?

Answer 17

Preschoolers.

Social comparisons, beginning of elementary school.

Question 18

After stabilizing for a time, self-esteem sometimes drops during the move to what?

Answer 18

Middle school or junior high.

Question 19

Children have higher self-esteem when parents are what?

Answer 19

Nurturing, involved, establish rules concerning discipline.

Question 20

Gifted children in gifted classes may have _____ self-esteem than those in regular classes

Answer 20

Lower.

Question 21

Self-esteem is higher when children believe what?

Answer 21

They can succeed at something that is valued by themselves and others.

Question 22

Praise should focus on _____ rather than _____.

Answer 22

Effort; ability.

Question 23

When faced with an apparent setback in their work, children praised for effort will do what versus children praised for ability?

Answer 23

Effort: will work harder.

Ability: will not try as hard.

Question 24

What can be a life-long outcome of low self-esteem?

Answer 24

Depression.

Question 25

Low self-esteem is both a cause of future _____ and a consequence of past _____.

Answer 25

Harmful outcomes; difficulties.

Question 26

An inflated sense of self-worth can contribute to what?

Answer 26

Bullying and aggression.

Question 27

Descriptions of others follow similar course as what?

Answer 27

Descriptions of self and become increasingly abstract.

Question 28

When describing others, children begin with a focus on _____, but by adolescence descriptions are more _____ and emphasize psychological traits.

Answer 28

Concrete characteristics; abstract.

Question 29

Children demonstrate a bias for seeing positive traits in others until about what age?

Answer 29

10

Question 30

Preschoolers are egocentric. According to Selman, _____ increases with age and depends on _____.

Answer 30

Perspective-taking; cognitive development.

Question 31

Perspective-taking is linked to what?

Answer 31

Theory of mind.

Question 32

Children with good perspective-taking skills usually what? Is there a downside?

Answer 32

Get along better with peers.

Can use this awareness to tease or bully.

Question 33

Describe the course of prejudice in children.

Answer 33

Declines during elementary school, increases during adolescence due to internalization of prejudice in society and increased preference for own group.

Question 34

Is prejudice present in preschoolers?

Answer 34

Attribute many positive traits to their own group.

Question 35

What is self-concept?

Answer 35

Refers to attitudes, behaviours, values a person believes makes them a unique individual.

Question 36

Describe self-concept in preschoolers, 5-7 year olds, elementary school children, and in adolescents.

Answer 36

Preschoolers: physical characteristics, preferences, possessions.

5-7y: more likely to mention emotions and social groups.

Elementary: describe level of skill relative to peers.

Adolescents: attitudes, personality traits, religious and political beliefs.

Question 37

What are Selman’s 5 stages of perspective taking?

Answer 37

Undifferentiated (3-6 years): self and others can have different thoughts/feelings, but confuse the two.

Social-informational (4-9 years): know perspectives differ due to access to different information.

Self-reflective (7-12 years): can step into another’s shoes, know others can do the same.

Third person (10-15 years): can step outside immediate situation, see how they and another viewed by a third person.

Societal (14 years to adult): realize third person’s perspective influenced by broader personal, social, cultural contexts.