Question 1

An important index of morality is how much someone can resist violating _____, even when detection and punishment is unlike

Accepted Answer

Moral norms.

Question 2

Describe the beginnings of self-control at ages 1, 2, and 3.

Accepted Answer

1y: aware others impose demands. 2y: internalized some controls. 3y: capable of self-regulation.

Question 3

Early self-control is linked to later outcomes. What did wait time at age 4 predict in adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Age 4: wait time. Adolescence: SAT scores, coping with frustration, planfulness.

Question 4

Early self-control is linked to later outcomes. What are the effects of early self-control on adolescence? At age 32?

Accepted Answer

Adolescents: smoking, dropping out, pregnancy. Age 32: health, wealth, crime.

Question 5

The ideal parental discipline style to foster healthy self-control is what?

Accepted Answer

Warm and loving with well-defined limits.

Question 6

Parents should use inductive reasoning with children. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

Explaining the situation, encouraging child to think it through.

Question 7

Very _____ parenting hinders the development of self-control.

Accepted Answer

Strict.

Question 8

Fearful and anxious children tend to be what? Temperamentally fearless children comply not out of distress caused by fear of misdeeds, but what?

Accepted Answer

Compliant. Positive feelings for a loved one.

Question 9

In cultures where cooperation and self-restraint are more highly valued (e.g., Chinese), how may children internalize self-control?

Accepted Answer

More readily and earlier.

Question 10

Describe Piaget's 3 stages of moral development.

Accepted Answer

Premoral (2-4 years): no moral sense. Moral Realism (5-8 years): heteronomous (absolute rules that must be followed, cannot be changed); immanent justice (breaking a rule always leads to punishment). Moral Relativism (>8 years): rules created by people to help get along; autonomous morality: people work together to make rules based on free will.

Question 11

Young children focus on objective outcome, not _____.

Accepted Answer

Subjective intention.

Question 12

Berg-Cross (1975) found children are better at judging punishment (naughtiness) based on intention when what?

Accepted Answer

Presented with one story at a time.

Question 13

What is Piaget's major contribution?

Accepted Answer

Moral development progresses through stages driven by cognitive development and social interaction.

Question 14

Describe the three levels in Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development and the two stages within each.

Accepted Answer

Preconventional Level: Punishment and Reward - stage 1: obedience to authority; 2: nice behaviour in exchange for future favours. Conventional Level: Social Norms - 3: live up to others' expectations; 4: follow rules to maintain social order. Postconventional Level: Moral Codes - 5: adhere to social contract when it's valid; 6: personal morality based on abstract principles.

Question 15

Provide three pieces of support for Kohlberg's theory.

Accepted Answer

People progress through stages in sequence. People do not regress. Moral reasoning linked to moral behaviour.

Question 16

Provide three pieces of inconsistent evidence for Kohlberg's theory.

Accepted Answer

Moral reasoning not consistent. Moral development differs across cultures. Emphasis on individual rights and justice reflects culture; moral reasoning may be based on different values in other cultures.

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Ch. 12: Moral Understanding and Behaviour Flashcards

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