Question 1

Emotions are useful because they help people to do what? Provide examples.

Accepted Answer

Adapt to environments. E.g., fear = avoiding danger; happiness = strengthening relationships.

Question 2

Define the basic, universal emotions and the 3 elements that entail.

Accepted Answer

Happiness, anger, surprise, interest, disgust, sadness, fear. Subjective feeling; physiological change; overt behaviour.

Question 3

Non-verbal behaviour is the primary mode in which emotion is communicated. List five.

Accepted Answer

Facial expression. Eye gaze. Tone of voice. Bodily motion. Timing and intensity of response.

Question 4

Describe emotion milestones for the following ages: - 2-3 months - 4-6 months - 6 months - 8-9 months - 18-24 months - 7 years

Accepted Answer

2-3m: happiness. 4-6m: anger. 6m: fear. 8-9m: all basic emotions. 18-24m: complex (self-conscious) emotions. 7y: regret.

Question 5

By 4-6 months, infants can identify what associated with different emotions? What is evidence for this?

Accepted Answer

Facial expressions. Often match their emotions to others.

Question 6

Like adults, infants are biased towards _____ and pay attention to them for longer.

Accepted Answer

Negative emotions.

Question 7

What is social referencing?

Accepted Answer

In unfamiliar or ambiguous environments, infants rely on caregivers for cues to interpret situation.

Question 8

During elementary school, children understand that people can have what?

Accepted Answer

Mixed feelings.

Question 9

Cultures differ in terms of what two things?

Accepted Answer

Display rules; events that trigger emotions.

Question 10

What is emotional regulation?

Accepted Answer

Monitoring, evaluation, and modifying of emotional reactions to accomplish goal.

Question 11

Regulation of emotions begins in infancy. Provide two examples of this.

Accepted Answer

Will look away when encountering something frightening or confusing. Will also move closer to a parent for protection and comfort.

Question 12

Regarding emotional regulation, by 24 months toddlers seem to have learned how to do what?

Accepted Answer

Direct emotions to meet some needs, but still rely on adults for help.

Question 13

Toddlers display _____ rather than fear or anger, as the most likely way to get _____.

Accepted Answer

Sadness; adult support.

Question 14

Many children learn to do what regarding anger and fear for social reasons?

Accepted Answer

Suppress them.

Question 15

Older children use _____ to regulate emotions.

Accepted Answer

Mental strategies.

Question 16

In adolescence, brain regions involved in emotion regulation, including the _____ and _____, undergo extended structural and functional development.

Accepted Answer

Limbic system; prefrontal cortex.

Question 17

Describe the Baum et al. (2014) study on emotion regulation in adolescents. What were its findings?

Accepted Answer

Ages 14-17; 3 week sleep manipulation trial. 2.5 hours less sleep for 1 week = significantly more tense/anxious, angry/hostile, confused, fatigued.

Question 18

List six emotion regulation strategies in adolescence.

Accepted Answer

Problem-solving. Emotional expression. Cognitive restructuring. Acceptance. Distraction. Positive thinking.

Question 19

Define temperament.

Accepted Answer

Pattern of emotion and behavioural styles that are fairly stable across situations and are biologically based.

Question 20

Thomas and Chess identified 3 patterns of temperament. What are they?

Accepted Answer

Easy; difficult; slow-to-warm-up.

Question 21

Thomas and Chess identified 5 dimensions in temperament. What are they?

Accepted Answer

Activity level. Positive affect. Persistence. Inhibition. Negative affect.

Question 22

Rothbart (2007) proposed 3 dimensions of temperament. Define each.

Accepted Answer

Surgency/extraversion: extent child generally happy, active, vocal, seeking stimulation. Negative affect: extend child angry, fearful, shy, frustrated, not easily soothed. Effortful control: extent child can focus attention, not easily distracted, can inhibit responses.

Question 23

Identical twins are more alike in most aspects of temperament than fraternal twins. Which way is most influenced and when is this effect the largest?

Accepted Answer

Negative affect most influenced. Bigger impact in childhood than infancy.

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Ch. 10: Emotional Development Flashcards

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