Question 1

What is development?

Accepted Answer

The systematic continuities and changes in an individual that occur between conception and death.

Question 2

Regarding child development, what did Plato argue versus Aristotle?

Accepted Answer

Plato: children born with innate knowledge. Aristotle: knowledge as rooted in experience.

Question 3

What did Locke assert regarding development? Rousseau?

Accepted Answer

Locke: infant is a "blank slate." Rousseau: children born with innate sense of justice and morality.

Question 4

Rather than emphasizing parental discipline, Rousseau argued that parents should be what?

Accepted Answer

Responsive and receptive to their child's needs.

Question 5

These two individuals theorized children are born well-prepared with a stockpile of knowledge, whereas these two others theorized children pick up necessary knowledge through experience.

Accepted Answer

Rousseau and Plato; Locke and Aristotle.

Question 6

The push toward child development as a science came in part from the significant role children played during what transformation of the work environment? Why?

Accepted Answer

Industrial Revolution. Children worked long hours and in hazardous work conditions. Reformers worked to enact legislation that would limit child labour and put more children in schools.

Question 7

Darwin's description of evolutionary change within species and the age-related changes in human behaviour shared which similarity?

Accepted Answer

Individuals within a species differ; some are better adapted to a particular environment, making them more likely to survive and to pass along characteristics to future generations.

Question 8

What did Darwin's ideas prompt that paved the way for objective, analytic research of child development?

Accepted Answer

Baby biographies: detailed, systematic observations of individual children.

Question 9

List the three major contributions of G. Stanley Hall.

Accepted Answer

Theories of child development based on evolutionary science. Conducted studies to determine age trends in children's various beliefs and feelings. Founded first English-language scientific journal in which scientists could publish child development research.

Question 10

What were the key contributions of Alfred Binet, Sigmund Freud, and John B. Watson?

Accepted Answer

Binet: devised first mental tests. Freud: suggestion that experiences of early childhood influence behaviour in adulthood. Watson: founded behaviourism; wrote and lectured about importance of reward and punishment for childrearing practices.

Question 11

Baldwin, who established the first psychology laboratory in Canada, believed what about child development research at the time?

Accepted Answer

Felt theoretical basis for experimentation was important; baby biographies stifled research by being too focused on observation.

Question 12

During which time was child development research thriving?

Accepted Answer

1960s.

Question 13

A new branch of child development research has emerged in recent years. Describe it.

Accepted Answer

Applied developmental science. Uses developmental research to promote healthy development, particularly for vulnerable children and families.

Question 14

In child development, a theory is what?

Accepted Answer

Organized set of ideas designed to explain and make predictions about development.

Question 15

The biological perspective of development states that development is determined primarily by biological factors. Off that, define maturational theory and ethological theory.

Accepted Answer

Maturational theory: development reflects natural unfolding of a pre-arranged biological plan. Ethological theory: many behaviours viewed as adaptive because they have survival value.

Question 16

In the biological perspective, there are two important concepts - critical period, and imprinting. Define them.

Accepted Answer

Critical period: time during which a child is ready and able to learn something (not too early or too late). Imprinting: forming an emotional bond between the child and the first moving object (usually the mother).

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Ch. 1: The Science of Child Development Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM