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Microbiology1 > Ch 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Ch 4: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

How wide is a typical prokaryote?

A

0.2 - 2 μm

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2
Q

How long is a typical prokaryote?

A

2 - 8 μm

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3
Q

What is the diameter of a typical Eukaryotic cell?

A

10-100 μm

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4
Q

Bacillus = ____

A

Rod-shaped

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5
Q

Coccus = ____

A

Spherical

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6
Q

Vibrio = _____

A

Single twist

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7
Q

Spirillum = _____

A

Thicker spiral, rigid with proper flagella

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8
Q

Spirochete = _____

A

Thinner spiral with endoflagella (axial filaments)

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9
Q

Stella = ____

A

Star-shaped

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10
Q

Diplo = _____

A

Pairs

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11
Q

Staphylo = ____

A

Grapelike cluster

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12
Q

Strepto = _____

A

Chains/twisted

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13
Q

What is a glycocalyx? Examples?

A

General term for a viscous polymer composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both on the cell surface

Ex: capsule & slime layer

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14
Q

What are the differences between a capsule and a slime layer?

A

Capsule: organized and firmly attached to the cell

Slime layer: unorganized, diffuse, and easily removed

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15
Q

What are some of the functions of a glycocalyx?

A
  1. DAttachment to the environment and each other (biofilms)
  2. Contribute to virulence (capsules mainly)
  3. Increased resistance to drying and inhibition of nutrient loss
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16
Q

How can capsules contribute to virulence?

A

Prevent phagocytosis

Facilitate attachment

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17
Q

What capsulated bacteria are resistant to phagocytosis?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumonia*
  • Klebsiella pneumonia*
  • Bacillus anthracis*
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18
Q

Where does K. pneumonia typically attach itself?

A

Respiratory tract

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19
Q

Where does Streptococcus mutans typically attach itself?

A

Teeth

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20
Q

Where does Vibrio cholera typically attach itself?

A

Small intestine

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21
Q

Label the following flagella types:

Lophotrichous, Amphitrichous, Pertrichous, Monotricous, Atrichous, Cephalotrichous

A
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22
Q

True or false. Archae flagella are evolutionarily and structurally different from bacterial and eukaryotic flagella.

A

True

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23
Q

What direction do flagella rotate to move forward?

A

Counterclockwise

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24
Q

What direction do flagella rotate to tumble?

A

Clockwise

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25
Q

Taxis- refers to?

A

Bacterial movement toward or away from a stimulus

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26
Q

Treponema pallidum is a spirohete that causes _____

A

Syphilis

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27
Q

Borriella burgdorferi is a spirochete responsible for causing _____

A

Lyme disease

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28
Q

Where are endoflagella located?

A

Between the cell wall and outer membrane

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29
Q

How do endoflagella function?

A

Anchored at one pole of the cell and wrapped around

Filament bundles rotate to produce movement of the outer sheath to propel the cell forward in a corkscrew motion

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30
Q

What are the similarities between fimbriae and pili?

A

Hairlike appendages that are both

  1. shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella
  2. Comprised of pilin arranged helically around a central core
  3. Present in most gram-negative bacteria
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31
Q

Where do fimbriae typically occur?

A

At the poles or evenly distributed

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32
Q

What is the role of fimbriae?

A

Allow bacteria to adhere to each other and to surfaces

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33
Q

How are pili different from fimbriae?

A

Pili are longer

THere are only one or two pili per cell

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34
Q

What are the functions of pili? (2)

A
  1. Bring two cells together to allow for conjugation (sex pili)
  2. Surface motility (twitching)
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35
Q

In what bacteria are you most likely to observe twitching motility?

A
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa*
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae*

Some E. coli strains

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36
Q

What is gliding motility?

A

The ability of certain rod-shaped bacteria to translocate on surfaces without aid of external appendages such as flagella, cilia, or pili

Thought to involve microtubules, but still not well understood

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37
Q

What are the functions of the cell wall in bacteria? (3)

A
  1. Determines cell shape
  2. Prevents osmotic lysis
  3. Anchors flagella
38
Q

Peptidoglycan is composed of?

A
  1. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
  2. N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
39
Q

Chitin is composed of?

A

N-acetylglucosamine

40
Q

Describe the structure of peptidoglycan.

A

Linear glycan chains (10-65) linked by polypeptide cross-bridges and side chains

41
Q

What is the mode of action of Penicillin?

A

Inhibits enzymes that connect cross bridges and side chains in peptidoglycan synthesis

42
Q

Describe a gram-positive cell wall?

A

Many layers of peptidoglycan

One cell membrane

Wall Teichoic acid and Lipoteichoic acid

43
Q

Functions of the teichoic acids

A
  1. Provide rigidity
  2. Due to their negative charge, they sequester cations (Ca2+ and Mg2) for their eventual transport into the cell
  3. Promote pathogen adherence to host tissues
  4. Antigenic specificity used to identify gram-positive bacteria
44
Q

Describe a gram-negative cell wall

A

Contains only one or a few layers of peptidoglycan bonded to lipoproteins

Bacteria have outer cell membranes

45
Q

Gram-negative bacteria have a strong negative charge, which is beneficial against _____

A

Phagocytosis and complementation

46
Q

The outer membrane of gram-negative cells provides a barrier against ______, but not against _____

A

Barrier: Antibiotics, lysozymes, etc.

Not against: small metabolites (due to porins)

47
Q

Are lipopolysaccharides found on gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria?

A

Gram-negative

48
Q

What are the three primary parts of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

Lipid A

Core polysaccharide

O polysaccharide

49
Q

Which part of the LPS has the greatest variation and can be used to distinguish species?

A

O polysaccharide

at least 20 different sugars known

50
Q

Lipid A can be released from gram-negative bacteria when they die, which then act as _____

A

Endotoxins

51
Q

What is the function of the core polysaccharide in LPS?

A

Contains unusual sugars that provide stability and structural support

52
Q

Describe an acid-fast cell wall.

A

Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan

53
Q

True or false. Acid-fast cell walls cannot be visualized with a Gram stain

A

True

54
Q

Mycoplasma do not have cell walls, rather they have ____ in their plasma membranes

A

Sterols

55
Q

Archaea can be wall-less or have walls composed of _______.

A

Pseudomurein

56
Q

What are the differences between pseudomurein and peptidoglycan?

A
  1. N-acetyltalosaminuric acid instead of NAM
  2. Cross-links lack D-amino acids
57
Q

The cell wall of protoplasts can be ______

A

Entirely removed (i.e. lysozyme digestion of gram-positive cells)

58
Q

The cell wall of spheroplasts can be _____

A

only partially removed (i.e. lysozyme digestion of gram-negative cell walls)

59
Q

What type of bacteria are susceptible to osmotic lysis?

A

Protoplasts and spheroplasts

60
Q

What are L-forms?

A

A different form of a cell that is “cell wall-deficient” but is able to grow as a spheroplast or protoplast

61
Q

What causes the development of L-forms of bacteria?

A
  1. Could be spontaneous
  2. In response to penicillin or lysozyme
62
Q

Are mycoplasma considered L-forms?

A

No. They are not derived from bacteria that normally do have cell walls

63
Q

What are some functions of the plasma membrane? (3)

A
  1. Selectively permeable barrier
  2. Contain ATP producing enzymes
  3. Can contain photosynthetic pigments (chromatophores)
64
Q

Plasmids contain ___ to ____ genes and are associated with ______.

A

5-100 genes

Plasma membrane proteins

65
Q

True or false. Plasmid genes are crucial for the survival of a bacterium.

A

False. Not crucial for survival under normal conditions

66
Q

How long can endospores remain dormant for?

A

Thousands of years

67
Q

True endospores are only found in _____ bacteria

A

Gram-positive

68
Q

What makes the gram-negative bacteria Coxiella burnetti significant?

A

It produces endospore-like body

and cause Q disease

69
Q

What is sporulation?

A

Endospore formation

70
Q

What is germination?

A

Return to vegetative state

71
Q

When are vegetative cells triggered to sporulate?

A

When key nutrients such as carbon or nitrogen sources become scarce or unavailable

72
Q

Under what conditions will endospore germination occur?

A
  1. When more favorable growth conditions are present
  2. Triggered by heat
  3. Triggered by small triggering molecules (i.e. alaninie and inosine)
73
Q

How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella differ in regard to their movement?

A

Eukaroyotic flagella move in wavelike pattern

Prokaryotic flagella rotate

74
Q

What are the steps of the formation of spores?
What is asymmetric cell division?

The ratio of a cell to endospores?

A

1:1 ratio of cells to endospores

75
Q

Flagella of eukaryotes

A

9(circumnavigating doublets of microtubules) + 2 two in the middle

76
Q

Glycocalyx(Eukaryotes)

A

Extend from cell wall or plasma membrane
Either Strengthen cell surface, Cell adherence, and cell- cell recognition

77
Q

Metachromatic granules

A

Phosphate reserves for ATP

Blue stain will look red

78
Q

Polysaccharide granules

A

Energy reserves, Hold glycogen and starch

79
Q

Lipid granules

A

hold energy

80
Q

Sulfur granules

A

Energy source

81
Q

Carboxysomes

A

Fix CO2

82
Q

Gas Vacuoles

A

Hold air

83
Q

Magnetosomes

A

Iron oxide: allow the bacteria to orient itself to geomagnetic fields

84
Q

Sporulation

A

Endospore formation

85
Q

Germination

A

Return to vegetative stative

86
Q

Coxiella burnetti

A

Gram negative bacteria

Causes Q disease

Produces endospore like bodies

87
Q

Coxiella burnetti

A

Gram negative bacteria

Causes Q disease

Produces endospore like bodies

88
Q

Cyctoskeleton

A

Provide structure and help with transport,

3fibers:

  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
89
Q

Nucleolus

A

No membrane in the nucleus

Uncondensed regions chromosomes regions

Sire of assembly for small and large cytosolic ribosome subunits

90
Q

ER

A

Smooth:

Ca+ control, vesicles are forming and going to the Golgi apparatus

Rough:

Entry point for the vesicular pathway

Carbs and phospholipds may be attached protiens

91
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Receive transport vesicles from the ER

Move them within the cistern

sends cargo to the plasma membrane, lysosome

92
Q

Vacuoles

A

Small in animals, and large in plants functions vary:

  • Storage for proteins, sugars and organic acids
  • act as degradative compartments
  • Store metabolic wastes and poisons
  • Take up water and give rigidity to leaves and stems

Microbiology1 (20 decks)

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