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Microbiology1 > Ch 10: Classification of Microorganisms > Flashcards

Ch 10: Classification of Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of classifying organisms according to how similar they are to other organisms

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2
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The study of the evolutionary history of an organism(s)

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3
Q

Taxonomy produces a ______, while phylogeny produces ______.

A
  • Hierarchy
  • Phylogenetic tree or cladogram
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4
Q

The three-domain system is based on similarities in _____.

A
  • ribosomal RNA
  • Specifically, 16s rRNA, as is highly conserved across all organisms
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5
Q

In 1990, ______ elevated the three cell types to a level above kingdom, proposing the three-domain system.

A

Carl Woese

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6
Q

What taxonomic domain is lacking the hairpin loop of 16s rRNA?

A

Archaea

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7
Q

The membrane lipids of Bacteria and Eukarya are joined to the glycerol backbone by a _____ linkage, while Archaea have a ______ linkage.

A
  • Ester
  • Ether
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8
Q

_______ is a bacterium that has a nuclear envelope surrounding its nucleoid. It is present-day evidence that plasma membrane involving could produce a nuclear envelope

A

Gemmata obscuriglobus

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9
Q

______ is a protist harboring a photosynthetic endosymbiont that resembles modern-day cyanobacteria. It is a modern-day example of endosymbiotic prokaryote living in a eukaryotic cell

A

Cyanophora paradoxa

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10
Q

When a new prokaryote is discovered and named, it is published into what reference book?

A

Bergey’s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

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11
Q

What is the order for the taxonomic hierarchy? (mnemonic on other side :D)

A
  1. Domain → Drunken
  2. Kingdom → Kangaroos
  3. Phylum → Punch
  4. Class → Children
  5. Order → On
  6. Family → Family
  7. Genus → Game
  8. Species → Shows
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12
Q

What is a strain?

A

A variant identified by numbers, letters, or name following species designation

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13
Q

Kingdoms in Eukarya

A

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista

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14
Q

Animalia

A

Multicellular; no cell walls; Chemoheterotrophic

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15
Q

Plantae

A

Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic

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16
Q

Fungi

A

Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of chitin; can develop from spores of hyphal fragments

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17
Q

Protista

A

A catch-all Kingdom for Eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms

Grouped into clades based on rRNA

18
Q

Define Bacteria’s:

Cell type
Cell wall
Membrane
First Amino Acid
Antibio sensitivity
rRNA loop
Common arm tRNA

A

Prokaryotic

Peptidoglycan

Composes of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage

Formylmethionine

yes

Present(only one with an rRNA Loop)
Present

19
Q

Define Archae

Cell type
Cell wall
Membrane
First Amino Acid
Antibio sensitivity
rRNA loop
Common arm tRNA

A

Prokaryotic

Varies in composition; contains no peptidoglycan

Composes of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkage

Methionine(like the Eukaryotic)

NO

NO

Present

20
Q

Define Eukarya

Cell type
Cell wall
Membrane
First Amino Acid
Antibio sensitivity
rRNA loop
Common arm tRNA

A

Eukaryotic

varies in composition contains carbohydrates
Composes of stragiht carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage

Methionine (same in Archaea)

NO

NO

Present

21
Q

Describe the membrane lipids of the 3 domains

A

Eukarya and Bacteria with eSTer linkage

Arachaea eTHer linkage

22
Q

A bacterium with invaginated membrane around the nucleoid

A

Gemmata obscurigolbus

23
Q

A protist harboring a photosynthetic endosymbiont, similar to a modern day cyanobacteria

A

Cyanophora paradoxa

24
Q

Microbes nomenclature

A

Genus+species

25
Q

What is a Strain

A

A variant of a organism, identified by numbers, letters or name following the species designation. For instance E. coli K12 or S. cerevisiae S28C

26
Q

Classification

A

Placing organisms in groups of relates species. Lists of characteristics of known organisms

Only 1% of Prokaryotes have been discovered

27
Q

Identification

A

Matching characteristics of an ‘unknown’ organism to a list of known organism

Clinical lab identification

28
Q

Numerical/ Rapid Identification

A

Only for enterics

1) Tube with 15 different media is inoculated with an unknown enteric bacteria
2) observe the results and what changes colors

3) Note each positive test, and note the numerical value associated with it, which give you an ID
4) Compare ID to a computerized value chart that indicates what organism it is

29
Q

Dichotomous keys

A

Used for identifiation, Simple yes or no answers and follow the chart

30
Q

Cladograms

A

Show evolutionary relationships

31
Q

Serology

A

Combine a known antiserum with an unknown bacterium.
Determines the relatedness of two different organisms

32
Q

Slide Agglutination test

A

Type of serology
Unknown bacteria are placed in a drop of saline on several slides
different antibodies are added to each sample
Bacteria will agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produced against them

33
Q

ELSA(direct assay)

A

An enzyme will be linked to an antibody, once added to the unknown bacteria they will bind together, once it is bounded add a substrate that will cause it fluoresce

33
Q

ELSA(direct assay)

A

An enzyme will be linked to an antibody, once added to the unknown bacteria they will bind together, once it is bounded add a substrate that will cause it fluoresce

Quick and Readable with a computer scanner

34
Q

ELISA(Indirect assay)

A

Requires a second antibody that will bind to the primary one, the secondary antibody will have the enzyme linked to it

advantage of the secondary antibody will have a wider range of use and doesn’t require conjugation

35
Q

The Western Blot

A

Lyme disease: Borrelia Burgdoferi

use the bacterias proteins
Proteins separated by size using SDS

Proteins are transferred to a nitrocellulose gel using a capillary action

Proteins are exposed to the infected individual’s serum, which should contain antibodies

antibodies must be detectable

Uses HIV as well

36
Q

Electroblotting

A

Used electrocurrent to transfer proteins on to the gel

37
Q

Phage testing

A

Petri dish with a spread of agar medium
Added a bacteria to be tested(i.e Staphylococcus aureus)

Let it dry and spot the bacteria with different bacteriophages

Affected cells will be lysed and no growth

!PURE CULTURE!

38
Q

Fatty Acid Profiles

A

Bacteria synthesize a wide variety of fatty acids

Gas chromatographs can separate fatty acids

FAME profiles used to identify the bacteria type

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester

!Must be a pure culture!

39
Q

Flow Cytometry

A

A focused laser scatters light from these cells and can trigger fluorescence

provides information about cell size, shape, density, and surface

cells can be selectively stained with
antibody coupled to a fluorescent dye
• Can be used to identify bacteria in a
sample without culturing (i.e. Listeriain
milk)

Microbiology1 (20 decks)

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