Ch 18: Practical Application of Immunology Flashcards
Who is credited for performing the first vaccinations using cowpox inoculations to prevent smallpox?
Edward Jenner
What type of virus is measles virus?
- Paramyxovirus
- (-)stranded, unsegmented, enveloped
What are some potential complications of measles?
- Blindness
- Inflammation of the brain
- Pneumonia
- Death
What percentage of people who aren’t vaccinated will get infected with measles if directly exposed?
90%
What percentage of people need to be vaccinated in a community to prevent measles spread (herd immunity)
92%
How many cases of measles are there annually worldwide?
70 million
It is estimated that as many as ___% of people would need to be immune to disrupt the rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2
94%
What class of vaccines contain living pathogens?
- Attenuated whole-agent vaccines
- Ex: MMR, oral polio (OPV)
What class of vaccines contain killed pathogens?
- Inactivated whole-agent vaccines
- Ex: inactivated polio (IPV)
What class of vaccines contain inactivated toxins?
- Toxoids
- Ex: Tetanus
What class of vaccines contain antigenic proteins or fractions?
- Subunit vaccines
- Ex: Acellular pertussis, recombinant HepB, SARS-CoV-2
What class of vaccines contain antigens that are linked to another immunogenic molecule?
- Conjugated vaccines
What vaccinations are recommended for persons aged 0-6 years? (11)
- HepB
- Rotavirus
- DPT
- Haemophilus influenzae b
- Pneucoccal
- Inactivated poliovirus
- Influenza
- MMR
- Varicella
- HepA
- Meningococcal
Which types of HPV cause 90% of genital warts cases?
HPV types 6 and 11
Which types of HPV cause 70% of cervical cancers?
HPV types 16 and 18
The Cervarix vaccine protects against HPV types ____ while the Gardasil vaccine protects against types ____
- Cervarix - 16 and 18
- Gardasil - 6, 11, 16, and 18
What class of vaccine is the H influenza type B (Hib) vaccine?
Conjugated vaccine (polysaccharide + protein)
What year was smallpox considered eradicated?
1980
What are adjuvants?
- Chemicals added to vaccines to make immune response stronger
- Increase inflammation, transport, and uptake by APCs
What are some advantages of oral vaccines?
- Easy to administer
- Effective for protecting mucous membranes
____% of polio cases are symptomatic
1%
True or false. An antibody can help differentiate very recent infection from a much earlier one.
False. They cannot differentiate recent or old infections
How are monoclonal antibodies produced for commercial purposes?
- Grown in a hybridoma - an immortal cancerous B-cell fused with an antibody0producing normal B cell
What does the suffix -mab refer to in a drug name?
- Monoclonal antibody
- Ex: Muromonab, Trastuzumab, etc
What are chimeric monoclonal antibodies?
Genetically modified mice that produce antibodies with a human constant region and mouse variable region
What are humanized monoclonal antibodies?
Antibodies that are mostly human, except for mouse antigen (used for binding)
Describe a preciptitation reaction
Using antibodies to cause soluble antigens to fall out of solution
Describe agglutination reaction
- Particulate antigens either on a cell (direct) or bound to latex beads (indirect)
- Uses IgM to stick antigen
True or false. The higher the antibody titer, the greater the amount of antibody (i.e. 1:20 is a low titer and 1:640 is a high titer)
True
