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Microbiology1 > Ch 17: Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Ch 17: Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Who determined that the body produces excess antitoxins, which turned out to be antibodies, that last beyond an initial exposure?

A

Paul Ehrlich

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2
Q

Which form of globulins are also known as immunoglobulins?

A

Gamma-globulin

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3
Q

What is the difference between an antigen and an epitope?

A
  • Antigen: a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T-cells
  • Epitope: small sections of an antigen that an antibody interacts with
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4
Q

What is a hapten?

A

An antigen too small to be recognized by the immune system that can be recognized when combined with a carrier protein

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5
Q

What causes penicillin to become immunogenic?

A
  • Binds to a carrier molecule like albumin
  • Creates Hapten-carrier conjugate that can be recognized by the immune system
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6
Q

____ accidentally innoculated chickens with month-old cholera. This made them only slightly ill, but made them immune to cholera.

A

Louis Pasteur

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7
Q

___ discovered that bacterial toxins generated the production of “antitoxins” in serum. He generated antitoxin sera mixed with sera to prevent diphtheria in children.

A

Emil Von Behring

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8
Q

____ showed that antigens of pneumococcus are polysaccharides and that antibodies are proteins. Aka the “Father of Modern Immunology.”

A

Michael Heidelberger

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9
Q

___ discovered the general structure of antibodies?

A

Gerald Edelman

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10
Q

____ worked out how genes in B-cells produce the many different antibodies to virtually any antigen.

A

Susumu Tonegawa

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11
Q

Define serology

A

Study of reactions between antibodies and antigens

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12
Q

What cell type makes antibodies?

A

Memory B-cells

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13
Q

How does the immune system generate a massive diversity of antibodies with only a small handful of genes?

A
  • Segments of genets get recombined to form the variable region
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14
Q

Label the following:

Hinge region, Light Chain, Heavy Chain, Fc region, Antigen-Binding region

A
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15
Q

What are the 5 classes of Ig?

A
  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgM
  • IgE
  • IgD
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16
Q

Identify the Ig class:

  • 80% of serum Abs
  • Fix complement
  • In blood, lymph, intestines, and can cross placenta
  • Enhance pahgocytosis; neutralize toxins and viruses; protect fetus and newborn
  • Half-life = 23 days
A

IgG

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17
Q

Identify the Ig class:

  • 5-10% of serum Abs
  • Fix complement
  • In blood, lymph, and on B cells
  • Agglutinates (forms network) with microbes; first Abs produced in response to infection
  • Half-life = 5 days
A

IgM

18
Q

Identify the Ig class:

  • 10-15% of serum Abs
  • In secretions (ex: mucus, sebum, etc)
  • Mucosal protection
  • Half-life = 6 days
A

IgA

19
Q

Identify the Ig class:

  • 0.2% of serum Abs
  • In blood, lymph, and on B cells
  • Half-life = 3 days
A

IgD

20
Q

Identify the Ig class:

  • 0.002% of serum abs
  • On mast cells, basophils, and in blood
  • Important in allergic reactions and lysis of parasitic words
  • Half-life = 2 days
A

IgE

21
Q

True or false. A single B-cell can only produce one class of Ig.

A

False. Over time and as antigen contact decreases, B-cells switch from secreting IgM to IgG

22
Q

Define agglutination

A

Clumping of antibody-antigen complexes, reducing the number of infectious units

23
Q

Define opsonization

A
  • Coating of antigen with antibody to enhance phagocytosis
  • Aided by Fc region of an Ig
24
Q

Where does T cell maturation occur?

A

Thymus

25
Q

In order for T cells to be activated, they require interaction with ______

A

antigen-presenting cells

26
Q

What cells commonly act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)? (3)

A
  1. B cells
  2. Dendritic cells
  3. Macrophages
27
Q

What is the difference between MHCI and MCHII?

A
  • MCHI → On all cells
  • MCHII → Only on immune cells
28
Q

What are the 3 types of T cells?

A
  1. Helper T cells (CD4+ or TH)
  2. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
  3. Regulatory T cells (TReg)
29
Q

How do helper T cells activate B cells?

A
  • T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize antigens with MHCII on APCs
  • B-cells produce antibodies
30
Q

What is the function of TH1 cells?

A
  • Produce IFN-gamma
  • Effective against intracellular pathogens
31
Q

What is the function of TH2 cells?

A

Activate eosinophils and B cells to produce IgE

32
Q

What is the function of TH17 cells?

A
  • Produce large amounts of cytokine IL17
  • Recruit neutrophils
  • Work against certain extracellular bacteria and fungi
33
Q

What are M cells?

A

Facilitate contact between antigens passing through the intestinal tract and cells of the body’s immune system

34
Q

What is the function of CD8+ T cells?

A
  • Targets infected cells to trigger apoptosis
  • “self” antigen
35
Q

TReg cells have ____ and ____ on their surfaces

A

CD4 and CD25

36
Q

What is the function of TReg cells?

A

SUppress T cells that act against “self” antigens

37
Q

What are natural killer (NK) cells?

A
  • Extracellular killing by the immune system
  • Destroy any cells that don’t express MHCI
  • Kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and parasites
  • Not B nor T
38
Q

What is the function of cytokine IL-1? (2)

A
  1. Stimulate CD4+ cells in presence of antigens
  2. Attracts phagocytes
39
Q

What is the function of cytokine IL-2? (3)

A
  1. Proliferation of antigen-stimulated CD4 T helper cells
  2. Proliferation and differentiation of B cells
  3. Activation of CD8 T cells and NK cells
40
Q

What is the function of cytokine IL-12? (2)

A
  1. Inhibits humoral immunity
  2. Activates TH1 cellular immunity
41
Q

What are the four types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Naturally acquired active immunity → from infection; individual immune response
  2. Naturally acquired passive immunity → transplacental or via colostrum
  3. Artificially acquired active immunity → Injection of antigen (vaccination)
  4. Artificially acquired passive immunity → injection of antibodies

Microbiology1 (20 decks)

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