Ch 39 pt 1

Question 1

Respiratory Surfaces

Answer 1

Moisture is needed
Surrounded by water via a thin layer over surface

Question 2

Passive diffusion

Answer 2

Across membranes
O2 and CO2
[High] -> [Low]

Question 3

Gas Exchange Systems

Answer 3

External gills
Internal gills
Lungs
Tracheae

Question 4

Gills

Definition

Answer 4

Specialized tissue projecting into water for O2 exchange

Question 5

External Gills

Answer 5

Some fish and amphibians have this
Disadvantage -> Vulnerable

Question 6

Internal Gills

Answer 6

Branchial and Opercular (bony structure covering gills)
Advantage -> protected

Question 7

Ram ventilation

Answer 7

Swim with mouth open to force water over gills
Individuals constantly need to swim

Question 8

Buccal-Opercular Pump

Answer 8

Buccal (open) and opercular (closed) -> Buccal fills -> Buccal (closed) and opercular (open)
Water flows over gills [one direction]

Question 9

Cutaneous Respiration

Answer 9

Mostly amphibians
Highly vascularized skin (dense capillaries, close to surface of skin)
Obligatory - “lungless” / gets O2 from external source

Question 10

Atmospheric Air

Answer 10

1 atm -> 760 mmHg
78.09% nitrogen
20.95% oxygen
0.93% argon
0.03% carbon dioxide (greenhouse effect)

Question 11

Tracheal System

Answer 11

Arthropods
Spiracles - openings (may open/close)
Trachea and Tracheoles

Question 12

Paired Lungs

Answer 12

Gills were replaced
Minimize evaporation - transport air internal via tubes / saturate inspired air with moisture

Question 13

Positive Pressure Breathing

Answer 13

Amphibians
Low surfaces area
Gas exchange process -> Nostrils open (Buccal floor drops and pulls in air), Nostrils close (forces air into lungs)

Can be augmented with cutaneous

Question 14

Negative Pressure Breathing

Answer 14

Reptiles, Bird, and Mammals
Higher surface area
Thoracic cavity and muscle action

When Volume goes up, Pressure goes down

Question 15

Avian Lungs

Answer 15

1-way movement (very efficient, with high metabolic rate)
Parabronchi - gas exchange center (two breath cycle, two inhales)

Question 16

Air Sacs (Avian)

Answer 16

Holds air, no exchange
Complete respiration

Question 17

Mammalian Respiratory System

Answer 17

Nasal Cavity
Nostril
Pharynx
Glottis
Larynx
Trachae
Lungs
Bronchus
Diaphragm

Question 18

Alveoli

Answer 18

Exchange structure
High surface area, gas exchange center
~300 million
Very sensitive

Question 19

Conduction Structures

Answer 19

Move air, no exchange [nose, pharynx, larynx and trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles]

Filter air

Question 20

Mammalian Ventilation

Answer 20

Respiratory control center
Tidal volume (500 mL = avg @ rest)
Anatomical dead space - trachea and bronchi

Question 21

Breathing rate

Answer 21

Driven by partial pressure of CO2, not partial pressure of O2
Hypoventilation vs Hyperventilation

Question 22

Hypoventilation

Answer 22

Higher partial pressure of CO2
Not enough O2

Question 23

Hyperventilation

Answer 23

Lower partial pressure of CO2
Not enough CO2