Ch 38 pt 2 Flashcards
Structural Joints
Firbous
Syndesmoses
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Fibrous Joints
With fibrous connective tissue
No cavity or space, therefore no movement
Ex: Sutures of skull
Cartilaginous Joints
Synochondroses - hyaline cartilage and epiphyseal plate
Symphyses - hyaline covers, fibrocarilatge connects
No cavity or space, and very little movement
Ex: Vertebrae
Syndesmoses Joints
Bands of connective tissues
No cavity or space, but there is some movement
Move length of connective tissue
Ex: Tibia and Fibia - ankle, Gomphoses and teeth
Synovial Joints
Description of joints
Space between bones
Synovial cavity and fluid
Fluid lubricates joint
Ends of bone covered in hyaline and articular cartilage
Synovial Joints in Detail
List of types
Pivot - atlas-axis
Hinge - elbow
Saddle - carpal/metacarpal
Plane - ankle
Condyloid - radius, carpals
Ball and Socket - hip
Muscle types
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal Muscle
“voluntary” movement
Striated, multinucleate
Cardiac Muscle
Self initiating
Started, uninucleate
Found near heart only
Smooth Muscle
“Involuntary” movement
Walls of organs
Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Bundles of muscle fibers (cable-like)
Muscle fiber (cell) - multinucleate
Myofibril and Myofilaments (gets progressively smaller units)
Neuromuscular Synapse
Action Potential
Ca+ channels
Exocytosis [releasing ACh] Na+ channels
T-tubule -> depolarizes
Sacroplasmic Recticulum
Ca+ pumps
Ca2+
Opens channel on presynaptic cell
Exocytosis
Ca2+ causes ACh to be released
ACh binds to Na+ (postsynaptic cell, on muscle fiber)
Sacroplasmic Reticulum
Stores Ca2+
Muscular Contraction
Release Ca2+, causes depolarization and this action
Ca2+ pumps
Ca2+ back into Sacroplasmic Reticulum which stops muscular contraction
Sacromere
Smallest working subunit of muscular contraction
Regulation of Muscular contraction
Tropomyosin
Troponin
Calcium
Tropomyosin (TPM)
Finds actin and blocks binding sites on actin
Troponin (TPN)
Found on actin and TPM
Holds actin and tropomyosin
Calcium (Ca2+)
[Low] -> TPM inhibits cross-bridge, blocking binding site
[High] -> TPN changes confirmation, exposing binding sites
Osteoporosis
Often during meta pause
Chronic low calcium
Bones breaks easily
Rickets/Osteomalacia
Vitamin D deficiency
Bowing/soft bones
R - kids
O - adult
Sliding Filament Theory
“sliding” on myofilaments to contract sarcomeres
Osteoarthritis
Cartilage degrades
Bones grind (can form bony stumps)
Fractures
Type -> stress or strain
Muscular dystrophy
Genetic - abnormal development
Heart/respiratory fail
Non-ambulatory
Myositis
Rare Inflammation
Muscle weakness
Sarcoma
Soft tissue cancer
Rare
No known causes
