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Bacteriology > Ch. 3 - Host-Microorganism Interactions > Flashcards

Ch. 3 - Host-Microorganism Interactions Flashcards

0
Q

Any subjective evidence of disease noticed by the patient himself

A

Symptoms

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1
Q

3 factors for disease

A
  • status of the host’s immune system
  • protection from microbial invasion
  • inherent microbial factors
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2
Q

Any objective evidence of disease that is detected by a physician; measurable

A

Signs

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3
Q

Association of 2 organisms living together

A

Symbiosis

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4
Q

Association of 2 organisms that benefit both

A

Mutualism

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5
Q

Organisms that live together

A

Symbionts

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6
Q

Association of 2 organisms where 1 benefits and the other is neutral

A

Commensalism

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7
Q

Association of 2 organisms where 1 benefits at the expense of the other

A

Parasitism

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8
Q

Association of 2 different bacterial species that live together; 1 organism enhances the growth of the other

A

Synergism

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9
Q

Type of microbial flora that are commonly found in/on body sites

A

Normal/usual/indigenous flora

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10
Q

Type of microbial flora that colonizes an area for months or years

A

Resident microbial flora

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11
Q

Type of microbial flora that is present at a site temporarily

A

Transient flora

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12
Q

3 types of microbial flora

A
  • normal/usual/indigenous flora
  • resident microbial flora
  • transient flora
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13
Q

Hosts with pathogenic organisms without manifesting symptoms.
They are capable of transmitting the infection.

A

Carriers

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14
Q

The condition of the host (acute/chronic)

A

Carrier state

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15
Q

2 factors that determine the composition of the usual microbial flora

A
  • amount and type of nutrients available

- pH

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16
Q

Type of infection caused by microorganisms with low virulence that becomes pathogenic in a host with low immunologic resistance

A

Opportunistic infection

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17
Q

Microorganisms with low virulence

A

Opportunists

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18
Q

Invasion or growth of a pathogen

A

Infection

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19
Q

Type of disease with functional and structural harm; with signs and symptoms

A

Infectious diseases

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20
Q

Disease having sever symptoms and a short course

A

Acute

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21
Q

Disease with long duration and slow progression; symptoms may be continual or intermittent

A

Chronic

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22
Q

Disease that is dormant; it is present but not evident

A

Latent

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23
Q

Disease that is transmissible by direct or indirect means

A

Communicable

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24
Q

Disease that is not capable of being passed on

A

Non-communicable

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25
Q

Disease that can transmitted directly

A

Contagious

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26
Q

Disease that occurs occasionally or in a few isolated areas.

Occurs in single and scattered areas.

A

Sporadic

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27
Q

Disease that is constantly present in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location

A

Endemic

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28
Q

Any infectious disease that develops and spreads rapidly to many people at the same time

A

Epidemic

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29
Q

Disease that spans the whole world

A

Pandemic

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30
Q

Disease that originates in and is confined to one organ system or general area in the body

A

Local

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31
Q

Disease that is limited to a small area of the body

A

Focal

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32
Q

An initial disease arising spontaneously. It is not associated with or caused by a previous disease

A

Primary

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33
Q

Disease that follows and results from an earlier disease

A

Secondary

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34
Q

Disease without a clinical sign, no noticeable illness

A

Inapparent

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35
Q

Multiplication of microorganisms in the blood; blood poisoning

A

Septicemia

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36
Q

Presence of bacteria in the blood

A

Bacteremia

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37
Q

Presence of bacterial toxins in the blood

A

Toxemia

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38
Q

Presence of pyogenic microorganisms in the blood; formation of multiple abscesses and pus

A

Pyemia

39
Q

Prsence of putrefactive bacteria in the blood

A

Sapremia

40
Q

Spread of the disease

A

Incidence

41
Q

Severity and length of time a disease affects a population

A

Prevalence

42
Q

Factors that make the body more susceptible to disease; may alter the course of the disease

A

Predisposing factors

43
Q

9 predisposing factors

A
  • habits
  • environment
  • lifestyle
  • pre-existing illness
  • fatigue
  • age
  • chemotherapy
  • emotional disturbance
  • gender
44
Q

Patterns of disease (5)

A
  • incubation period
  • prodromal
  • illness
  • decline
  • recovery/covalescence
45
Q

The time between exposure to an infection and the appearance of the first symptoms

A

Incubation period

46
Q

Period of time between the appearance of the first symptoms of an infectious disease and the development of a rash or fever

A

Prodromal

47
Q

Peak of infection of the disease

A

Illness

48
Q

3 reservoir of infection

A
  • human
  • non-living
  • animal
49
Q

Human reservoir of infection

A

Carrier

50
Q

Animal reservoir of infection

A

Zoonoses

51
Q

6 ways of transmissing infection

A
  • contact
  • vehicles
  • vectors
  • airborn
  • cuts & bites
  • zoonoses
52
Q

Inanimate object that is capable of transmitting infectious organisms from one individual to another

A

Fomite

53
Q

2 types of transmission by contact

A

Direct and indirect

54
Q

Example of airborne transmission

A

Droplet

55
Q

Example of transmission by vehicles

A

Polluted dust

56
Q

2 types of microorganisms

A
  • normal flora/microbiota

- pathogens (true/opportunistic)

57
Q

Ability of a microbe to produce disease in a susceptible individual

A

Pathogenicity

58
Q

Infection that occurs as the result of medical treatment or procedurs

A

Iatrogenic infections

59
Q

Relative ability of a microorganism to cause disease

A

Virulence

60
Q

Number of microbes affecting 50% of the population

A

ID50 (Infecting dose)

61
Q

Number of microbes killing 50% of the population

A

LD50 (Lethal dose)

62
Q

A discrete and organized covering of bacteria that impairs phagocytosis; prevents engulfment and destruction by leukocytes

A

Capsule

63
Q

Cell surface structure that mediates attachment

A

Adhesins

64
Q

Cell wall component that enables bacteria to adhere to host cell surfaces offering resistance by attachment to target cells thereby increasing the organism’s colonizing ability

A

Fimbriae (pili)

65
Q

Enzyme that clots fimbrin in blood to create a protective barrier against host defenses

A

Coagulase

66
Q

Enzyme that destroys neutrophils by causing lysosomal discharge

A

Leukocidins

67
Q

A type of leukocidin that is lethal to leukocytes and contributes to the invasiveness of the organism

A

Panton-Valentine

68
Q

Enzyme that dissolves clots to allow escape from isolated wounds

A

Kinase

69
Q

2 examples of kinases

A

Streptokinase and staphylokinase

70
Q

Enzyme that destroys hyaluronic acid allowing deeper invasion

A

Hyaluronidase

71
Q

“Glue” that holds the CT and epithelium barriers together

A

Hyaluronic acid

72
Q

Enzyme that breaks down collagen for invasion into muscles and organs

A

Collagenase

73
Q

2 types of toxins

A
  • exotoxins

- endotoxins

74
Q

Organisms that produce exotoxins

A

Gram positive

75
Q

Organisms that produce endotoxins

A

Gram negative

76
Q

Type of toxin that has a specific effect for a particular cell structure or function in the host

A

Exotoxins

77
Q

2 types of exotoxins

A
  • cytotoxins

- neurotoxins

78
Q

Cytotoxin that causes massive RBC destruction

A

Hemolysin

79
Q

Cytotoxin that is related to food poisoning and causes diarrhea

A

Enterotoxin

80
Q

Cytotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis

A

Diphtheria toxin

81
Q

Cytotoxin that causes skin layers to separate and slough off

A

Exfoliative toxin

82
Q

Condition that is caused by exfoliative toxin

A

Staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS)

83
Q

Cytotoxin that is linked with absorbent tampons

A

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1)

84
Q

Cytotoxin that causes valodilation that results in characteristic rash in scarlet fever

A

Erythrogenic toxin

85
Q

Neurotoxin that prevents transmission of nerve impulses causing flaccid paralysis

A

Botulinum toxin

86
Q

Type of toxin that causes general effects such as fever, weakness, aches and shock

A

Endotoxins

87
Q

Effects of endotoxin (5, in order)

A
  • Induction of macrophages to produce IL-2
  • IL-2 induces the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins
  • Prostaglandins reset the body’s thermostat to a higher temperature
  • high body temperature produces fever and shock
  • fever and shock decreases blood pressure
88
Q

Infection acquired from the hospital

A

Nosocomial infection

89
Q

Infection acquired outside the hospital

A

Community-acquired infection

90
Q

Infection that is outside the body

A

Exogenous

91
Q

Infection that is inside the body (tuberculosis)

A

Endogenous

92
Q

Organisms that release enterotoxin

A
  • E. coli

- S. aureus

93
Q

Organism that produces a toxin that inhibits protein synthesis

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

94
Q

Organism that produces exfoliative toxin

A

S. aureus

95
Q

Organism that produces erythrogenic toxin

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

96
Q

Organism that produces a toxin that prevents transmission of nerve impulses causing flaccid paralysis

A

Clostridium botulinum

Bacteriology (7 decks)

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