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BIOL 1191 > Ch. 28 - Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Ch. 28 - Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin

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2
Q

What do follicles (in the ovarian cortex) consist of?

A
  • oocytes in various stages of development

- follicular cells/granulosa cells

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3
Q

Describe development of follicle

A 
primordial follicle
primary follicle
secondary follicle
mature follicle
corpus luteum
corpus albicans
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4
Q

What is the theca folliculi?

A

outermost layer of cells; on basal lamina

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5
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

clear glycoprotein layer bt oocyte and granulosa cells

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6
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

granulosa cells attached to zona pellucida; still attached to oocyte at ovulation

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7
Q

What is the antrum?

A

formed by granulosa cells secreting fluid

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8
Q

What are the stem cells that become mature follicles called?

A

oogonia (2n)

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9
Q

What is atresia?

A

the degeneration of germ cells produced by mitosis of oogonia

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10
Q

What do the oogonia that do not undergo atresia become?

A

develop into oocytes and stop in prophase I

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11
Q

When does meiosis I complete?

A

before ovulation, in mature follicle

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12
Q

When does meiosis II begin?

A

before ovulation, by secondary oocyte

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13
Q

What is the function of uterine/fallopian tubes?

A
  • transport ova from ovaries to uterus

- site of fertilization

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14
Q

What is the function of fimbriae in the fallopian tubes?

A

sweep oocyte into uterine tube

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15
Q

What is the function of cilia in the fallopian tubes?

A

move oocyte along with peristalsis (from sm muscle of muscularis)

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16
Q

What is the function of non-ciliated peg cells in fallopian tubes?

A

have microvilli that secrete fluids to nourish ovum

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17
Q

When does fertilization usually occur?

A

within 24 hours after ovulation

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18
Q

When does the zygote reach the uterus?

A

about 7 days after ovulation

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19
Q

What are 5 functions of the uterus?

A
  1. transport of spermatozoa
  2. menstruation
  3. implantation of fertilized ovum
  4. dev of fetus during pregnancy
  5. labour
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20
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A
  • outer perimetrium
  • middle myometrium
  • inner endometrium
21
Q

What are the parts of the myometrium?

A
  • sm muscle laers

- contract under influence of OT during labour

22
Q

What are the parts of the endometrium?

A
  • stratum functionalis (shed during menstruation)

- stratum basalis (gives rise to new st functionalis after menstruation)

23
Q

Describe the structure/composition of the vagina

A
  • fibromuscular canal lined with mucous membrane
  • composed of longitudinal and circular muscle
  • contains organic acids and normal flora
24
Q

What are 3 functions of the vagina?

A
  1. passageway for menstrual flow
  2. receive sperm
  3. receive the lower birth canal
25
What are the name of the openings where milk is expelled?
lactiferous ducts
26
What are the lobes in mammary glands made of?
clusters of alveoli that secrete milk into ducts; separated by adipose tissue
27
How do prolactin and progesterone affect lactation?
PRL - produces milk | progesterone - inhibits effect of PRL until delivery
28
What activates the stretch receptors for lactation?
- suckling sends nerve impulses to hypothalamus - stops release of prolactin-inhibiting hormone - stimulates secretion of prolactin-releasing horomone - stimulates production of PRL
29
What is oxytocin released trigger by? (for milk ejection)
- stimulation of nipple touch receptors - hearing a baby's cry - touching genitals
30
How does OT function in milk ejection?
- causes release of milk into mammary ducts occurs by contraction of sm muscle cells --> milk moves from alveoli into mammary ducts
31
What is colostrum?
cloudy fluid secreted by mammary glands shortly after birth; provides adequate nourishment until true milk is produced
32
What do colostrum and maternal milk contain?
antibodies, immune cells, antimicrobial agents, proteins, FA
33
What is the difference between the ovarian and uterine cycles?
ovarian - series of events in ovaries during/after maturation of oocyte uterine - series of changes of endometrium to prep for arrival of an ovum
34
How does FSH function in the reproductive cycle?
initiates growth of follicles that secrete estrogen
35
How does LH function in the reproductive cycle?
stimulates ovulation and promotes formation of corpus luteum | corpus luteum secretes estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin
36
What is the function of estrogen?
- dev and maintenance of fem repro structures, breasts, secondary sex characteristics - increase protein anabolism - build strong bones - lower blood cholesterol
37
What is the function of progesterone?
works with estrogens to prepare endometrium for implantation and mammary glands for milk synthesis
38
What is the function of relaxin during pregnancy?
relaxes pubic symphysis and dilate uterine cervix to facilitate delivery
39
What is the function of inhibin?
inhibits FSH secretion
40
What are the 4 phases of the female reproductive cycle?
1. menstruation 2. preovulatory phase 3. ovulation 4. postovulatory phase
41
What is happening in the ovaries in the menstruation phase?
primary follicles --> secondary follicles under influence of FSH
42
What is happening in the uterus in the menstruation phase?
- stratum functionalis layer of endometrium is shed - estrogen and progesterone levels fall - prostaglandins released; arterioles in uterus constrict
43
What is happening in the ovaries in the preovulatory phase?
primary follicles --> secondary follicles (follicular phase) - dominant follicle increases estrogen production, develops into mature follicle - FSH secretion slows down, LH secretion increases
44
What is happening in the uterus in the preovulatory phase?
(proliferative phase) | - increasing estrogen levels have repaired and thickened the stratum functionalis
45
What is happening during ovulation?
- GnRH promotes FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary - LH surge causes rupture in follicle and expulsion of secondary oocyte into pelvic avity - oocyte is swept into uterine tube
46
What happens after ovulation?
- mature follicle collapses - LH stimulates follicular cells to form corpus luteum - corpus luteum secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin
47
What happens during the postovulatory phase in the ovaries?
(luteal phase) - if fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans; secretion of GnRH, FSH, LH rise - if fertilization does occur, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by embryo to maintain corpus luteum
48
What happens in the uterus during the postovulatory phase?
(secretory phase) - endometrium is thickened (more endom glands and vascularization) - endom glands secrete glycogen
49
How does the pill prevent pregnancy?
negative feedback on ant pituitary and hypothalamus to prevent FSH/LH secretion - no follicular dev or ovulation

BIOL 1191 (16 decks)

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