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BIOL 1191 > Ch. 28 - Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Ch. 28 - Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin

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2
Q

What do follicles (in the ovarian cortex) consist of?

A
  • oocytes in various stages of development

- follicular cells/granulosa cells

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3
Q

Describe development of follicle

A 
primordial follicle
primary follicle
secondary follicle
mature follicle
corpus luteum
corpus albicans
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4
Q

What is the theca folliculi?

A

outermost layer of cells; on basal lamina

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5
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

clear glycoprotein layer bt oocyte and granulosa cells

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6
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

granulosa cells attached to zona pellucida; still attached to oocyte at ovulation

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7
Q

What is the antrum?

A

formed by granulosa cells secreting fluid

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8
Q

What are the stem cells that become mature follicles called?

A

oogonia (2n)

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9
Q

What is atresia?

A

the degeneration of germ cells produced by mitosis of oogonia

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10
Q

What do the oogonia that do not undergo atresia become?

A

develop into oocytes and stop in prophase I

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11
Q

When does meiosis I complete?

A

before ovulation, in mature follicle

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12
Q

When does meiosis II begin?

A

before ovulation, by secondary oocyte

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13
Q

What is the function of uterine/fallopian tubes?

A
  • transport ova from ovaries to uterus

- site of fertilization

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14
Q

What is the function of fimbriae in the fallopian tubes?

A

sweep oocyte into uterine tube

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15
Q

What is the function of cilia in the fallopian tubes?

A

move oocyte along with peristalsis (from sm muscle of muscularis)

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16
Q

What is the function of non-ciliated peg cells in fallopian tubes?

A

have microvilli that secrete fluids to nourish ovum

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17
Q

When does fertilization usually occur?

A

within 24 hours after ovulation

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18
Q

When does the zygote reach the uterus?

A

about 7 days after ovulation

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19
Q

What are 5 functions of the uterus?

A
  1. transport of spermatozoa
  2. menstruation
  3. implantation of fertilized ovum
  4. dev of fetus during pregnancy
  5. labour
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20
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A
  • outer perimetrium
  • middle myometrium
  • inner endometrium
21
Q

What are the parts of the myometrium?

A
  • sm muscle laers

- contract under influence of OT during labour

22
Q

What are the parts of the endometrium?

A
  • stratum functionalis (shed during menstruation)

- stratum basalis (gives rise to new st functionalis after menstruation)

23
Q

Describe the structure/composition of the vagina

A
  • fibromuscular canal lined with mucous membrane
  • composed of longitudinal and circular muscle
  • contains organic acids and normal flora
24
Q

What are 3 functions of the vagina?

A
  1. passageway for menstrual flow
  2. receive sperm
  3. receive the lower birth canal
25
Q

What are the name of the openings where milk is expelled?

A

lactiferous ducts

26
Q

What are the lobes in mammary glands made of?

A

clusters of alveoli that secrete milk into ducts; separated by adipose tissue

27
Q

How do prolactin and progesterone affect lactation?

A

PRL - produces milk

progesterone - inhibits effect of PRL until delivery

28
Q

What activates the stretch receptors for lactation?

A
  • suckling sends nerve impulses to hypothalamus
  • stops release of prolactin-inhibiting hormone
  • stimulates secretion of prolactin-releasing horomone
  • stimulates production of PRL
29
Q

What is oxytocin released trigger by? (for milk ejection)

A
  • stimulation of nipple touch receptors
  • hearing a baby’s cry
  • touching genitals
30
Q

How does OT function in milk ejection?

A
  • causes release of milk into mammary ducts

occurs by contraction of sm muscle cells –> milk moves from alveoli into mammary ducts

31
Q

What is colostrum?

A

cloudy fluid secreted by mammary glands shortly after birth; provides adequate nourishment until true milk is produced

32
Q

What do colostrum and maternal milk contain?

A

antibodies, immune cells, antimicrobial agents, proteins, FA

33
Q

What is the difference between the ovarian and uterine cycles?

A

ovarian - series of events in ovaries during/after maturation of oocyte

uterine - series of changes of endometrium to prep for arrival of an ovum

34
Q

How does FSH function in the reproductive cycle?

A

initiates growth of follicles that secrete estrogen

35
Q

How does LH function in the reproductive cycle?

A

stimulates ovulation and promotes formation of corpus luteum

corpus luteum secretes estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin

36
Q

What is the function of estrogen?

A
  • dev and maintenance of fem repro structures, breasts, secondary sex characteristics
  • increase protein anabolism
  • build strong bones
  • lower blood cholesterol
37
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A

works with estrogens to prepare endometrium for implantation and mammary glands for milk synthesis

38
Q

What is the function of relaxin during pregnancy?

A

relaxes pubic symphysis and dilate uterine cervix to facilitate delivery

39
Q

What is the function of inhibin?

A

inhibits FSH secretion

40
Q

What are the 4 phases of the female reproductive cycle?

A
  1. menstruation
  2. preovulatory phase
  3. ovulation
  4. postovulatory phase
41
Q

What is happening in the ovaries in the menstruation phase?

A

primary follicles –> secondary follicles under influence of FSH

42
Q

What is happening in the uterus in the menstruation phase?

A
  • stratum functionalis layer of endometrium is shed
  • estrogen and progesterone levels fall
  • prostaglandins released; arterioles in uterus constrict
43
Q

What is happening in the ovaries in the preovulatory phase?

A

primary follicles –> secondary follicles (follicular phase)

  • dominant follicle increases estrogen production, develops into mature follicle
  • FSH secretion slows down, LH secretion increases
44
Q

What is happening in the uterus in the preovulatory phase?

A

(proliferative phase)

- increasing estrogen levels have repaired and thickened the stratum functionalis

45
Q

What is happening during ovulation?

A
  • GnRH promotes FSH and LH release from anterior pituitary
  • LH surge causes rupture in follicle and expulsion of secondary oocyte into pelvic avity
  • oocyte is swept into uterine tube
46
Q

What happens after ovulation?

A
  • mature follicle collapses
  • LH stimulates follicular cells to form corpus luteum
  • corpus luteum secretes estrogens, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin
47
Q

What happens during the postovulatory phase in the ovaries?

A

(luteal phase)

  • if fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans; secretion of GnRH, FSH, LH rise
  • if fertilization does occur, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by embryo to maintain corpus luteum
48
Q

What happens in the uterus during the postovulatory phase?

A

(secretory phase)

  • endometrium is thickened (more endom glands and vascularization)
  • endom glands secrete glycogen
49
Q

How does the pill prevent pregnancy?

A

negative feedback on ant pituitary and hypothalamus to prevent FSH/LH secretion
- no follicular dev or ovulation

BIOL 1191 (16 decks)

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