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BIOL 1191 > Ch. 18 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Ch. 18 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are autocrine hormones?

A

local hormones that are secreted by, and bind to, the same cell

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2
Q

What are paracrine hormones?

A

local hormones that are secreted into interstitial fluid and act on nearby cells

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3
Q

What are some characteristics of lipid-soluble hormones?

A

hydrophobic, nonpolar/uncharged; often bound to transport proteins

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4
Q

What are some characteristics of water-soluble hormones?

A

hydrophilic, polar/charged; circulate freely in the plasma

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5
Q

What are some examples of lipid-soluble hormones?

A

steroids, thyroid hormone, NO

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6
Q

What are some examples of water-soluble hormones?

A
  1. amine (NE, dopamine, serotonin)
  2. peptide/protein hormones (ADH, OT, GH)
  3. eicosanoid (prostaglandin)
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7
Q

What are 3 types of stimuli that trigger hormonal secretion?

A
  1. humoral stimuli
  2. neural stimuli
  3. hormonal stimuli
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8
Q

What is humoral stimuli?

A

changing levels of certain chemicals in blood or body fluids

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9
Q

What is receptor downregulation?

A

cell response to excess hormone by decreasing number of receptors

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10
Q

What is receptor upregulation?

A

cell response to decreased hormone by increasing number of receptors

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11
Q

How does the hypothalamus secrete releasing/inhibiting hormones?

A

via hypophyseal portal system to control secretion of ant pituitary hormones

neurosecretory cells –> capillaries of hypothalamus –> hypophyseal portal veins –> capillaries of ant pituitary

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12
Q

What are hormones produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

GH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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13
Q

What controls the release of GH from the somatotrophs of the anterior pituitary? Where do these hormones come from?

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) from hypothalamus

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14
Q

What is the primary function of GH?

A

produce insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) from liver, sk muscles, cartilage, bones

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15
Q

What are some effects of IGFs?

A
  • increase cell growth and division by increasing a.a. uptake and prot synthesis & inhibiting prot breakdown
  • stimulate glycogen breakdown to increase blood glucose level & stimulating lypolysis so FA can be used for ATP prod
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16
Q

How can gH lead to diabetes?

A

excess GH causes hyperglycemia

- pancreas releases insulin continually –> beta-cell burnout (no more insulin) –> leads to diabetes mellitus

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17
Q

What stimulates GH secretion?

A

low blood glucose, low blood FA acids, high blood a.a.

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18
Q

What stimulates GHRH secretion?

A

low blood glucose, low blood FA acids, high blood a.a.

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19
Q

What stimulates GHIH secretion?

A

high blood glucose, high blood FA acids, low blood a.a.

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20
Q

What does thyrotropin-releasing hormone trigger?

A

release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from thyrotrophs of ant pituitary

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21
Q

What does TSH stimulate?

A

synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4 hormones from thyroid gland

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22
Q

Describe the negative feedback of TRH secretion

A

high levels of T3/T4 inhibit TRH secretion

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23
Q

What does gonadotropin-releasing hormone trigger?

A

release of FSH and LH from gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary

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24
Q

What does FSH function in?

A

oocyte maturation, estrogen production, sperm production

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25
Q

What does LH function in?

A

ovulation, testosteron e production

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26
Q

What do prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) and prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) release?

A

prolactin from lactotrophs of ant pituitary

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27
Q

What is the function of PRL?

A

initiates and maintains milk production and secretion by mammary glands; released during pregnancy

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28
Q

What is the function of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) ?

A

stimulates release of ACTH and MSH from corticotrophs of ant pituitary

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29
Q

What is the function of ACTH?

A

stimulates cells of adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids

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30
Q

What do negative feedback loops control?

A

secretions of thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs, corticotrophs

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31
Q

What do inhibiting hormones (from hypothalamus) control?

A

secretions of somatotrophs, lactotrophs

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32
Q

What is the function of OT?

A

targets smooth muscle in uterus and breasts

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33
Q

What does OT do during delivery?

A

muscle contraction of uterus (+ feedback)

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34
Q

What does OT do after delivery?

A

contractions for expulsion of placenta; stimulates ejection of milk from breasts

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35
Q

What does the amount of ADH secreted depend on?

A

blood osmotic pressure and blood volume

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36
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

decreases urine output, causes vasoconstriction

37
Q

How do changes in blood volume affect ADH secretion?

A

increase in blood vol –> decrease in ADH secretion

decrease in blood vol –> increase in ADH secretion

38
Q

What causes diabetes insipidus?

A

hyposecretion of ADH

- leads to dehydration, excretion of large amounts of dilute urine

39
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

A

T3, T4, calcitonin

40
Q

What part of the thyroid gland produce T3 and T4?

A

thyroglobulin used by follicular cells (that surround the gland)

41
Q

What part of the thyroid gland produce calcitonin?

A

parafollicular cells (between the thyroid follicles)

42
Q

What is the function of calcitonin?

A

lower Ca2+ levels in blood

43
Q

What are functions of thyroid hormones?

A
  • increase basal metabolic rate (stimulate prot synthesis, increase cell resp, make and use more ATP)
  • upregulate b-adrenergic receptors for E/NE
  • work with GH/IGF to accelerate body growth
44
Q

What does hypothyroidism in adults produce?

A

sensitivity to cold, low body temp, weight gain, mental/physical lethargy

45
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

cause of hyperthyroidism; autoimmune disease that causes production of antibodies thatmimic TSH

46
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

cause of hyperthyroidism; autoimmune disease that causes production of antibodies that mimic TSH

47
Q

What happens when T3/T4 levels drop?

A
  • hypothalamus secretes TRH
  • anterior pituitary secretes TSH
  • thyroid follicular cells produce T3/T4
  • elevated T3 levels inhibit TRH and TSH release
48
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) ?

A

regulator of Ca2+, Mg2+, PO4 in blood; increases [electrolytes] in blood

49
Q

Describe mechanism of PTH functions

A
  • increase osteoclast activity; bone resorption release Ca2+ and PO4 into blood
  • increases reabsorption of Ca2+ & Mg2+ by kidneys
  • promotes formation of calcitriol by kidneys that enhances Ca2+ & Mg2+ absorption by intestinal cells
50
Q

What does PTH oppose?

A

calcitonin (inhibits osteoclast activity!)

51
Q

What can hypoparathyroidism lead to?

A

low levels of electrolytes

- muscle twitches, spasms, tetany

52
Q

What can hyperparathyroidism lead to?

A

high levels of electrolytes

- promotes formation of kidney stones, excessive bone resorption (easily fractured)

53
Q

What can hyperparathyroidism lead to?

A

high levels of electrolytes

- promotes formation of kidney stones, excessive bone resorption (easily fractured)

54
Q

What parts of the adrenal glands produce steroids? NE/E?

A

outer cortex - steroid hormones

inner medulla - E/NE

55
Q

How is the adrenal cortex divided?

A

3 zones

  1. glucocorticoids (glucose homeostasis, stress response)
  2. mineralocorticoids (mineral homeostasis)
  3. androgens
56
Q

What are the effects of glucocorticoids?

A

resistance to stress

anti-inflammatory/immune suppression

57
Q

Describe resistance to stress effects of glucocorticoids

A
  • promote protein and fat breakdown to make ATP
  • gluconeogenesis - convert a.a./FA to glucose to make atp
  • enhance vasoconstriction (increase BP)
58
Q

Describe anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids

A
  • decrease capillary permeability, WBC numbers, WBC activity
  • delay tissue repair/wound healing
  • also used in organ transplants to treat certain autoimmune diseases
59
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome? What does it lead to?

A
  • high levels of circulating cortisol due to hypersecretion or exogenous hormone (use of immunosuppressive drugs)
  • lead to hyperglycemia, poor wound healing, susceptibility to infections, fat redistribution
60
Q

How are glucocorticoids regulated?

A
  1. hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  2. ant ptituitary releases ACTH
  3. adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids
61
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

helps regulate blood pH; acts mainly on distal tubes/collecting ducts of the nephrons in the kidney

62
Q

What are the effects of mineralocorticoids?

A
  • regulates Na+/K+ homeostasis (Na+ reabsorption, K+ excretion)
  • promote water reabsorption to regulate BP/BV
  • promotes H+ excretion in urine to prevent acidosis
63
Q

What would lead to aldosterone secretion?

A

dehydration, low Na+, low BP

64
Q

What are the effects of androgens?

A
  • promotes growth in boys/girls before puberty
  • after puberty in M, insignificant bc testosterone from testes predominates
  • after puberty in F, promotes libido; sole source of estrogens after menopause
65
Q

What are the 3 stages of the stress response?

A
  1. fight-or-flight response
  2. resistance reaction (involves CRH, GHRH, TRH)
  3. exhaustion (suppression of immune system, muscle wasting, ulcers)
66
Q

What does the stress response lead to an increase in?

A
  • increase resources (FA, glucose in blood; breakdown of protein into a.a. for repair)
  • increase metabolism (increase circulation/BP, respiration)
67
Q

In the RAA pathway, what stimulates the release of renin?

A
  1. dehydration, Na+ deficiency, hemorrhage
  2. decreases BP/BV
  3. triggers increased renin from juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys
68
Q

In the RAA pathway, what stimulates the release of angiotensin II?

A
  1. increased renin from kidneys + angiotensinogen from liver
  2. both cause increased angiotensin I
  3. circulates to lungs; then convert angiotensin I –> angiotensin II via angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
69
Q

In the RAA pathway, what stimulates the release of aldosterone?

A
  1. increased angiotensin II stimulates adrenal cortex

2. increased K+ in ECF

70
Q

What is the end result of the RAA pathway?

A
  • increased BV and vasoconstriction of arterioles lead to increased in BP
71
Q

In the RAA pathway, what stimulates increased levels of angiotensin I?

A
  1. increased renin converts angiotensin from liver
72
Q

What is DHEA?

A

dehydroepiandrosterone; weak androgens produced by the adrenal cortex

73
Q

What do pancreatic alpha cells produce?

A

glucagon –> raise blood glucose level

74
Q

What do pancreatic beta cells produce?

A

insulin –> lowers blood glucose level

75
Q

What is type I diabetes mellitus caused by?

A

absolute deficiency of insulin; often due to autoimmune attack of beta cells

76
Q

What is type II diabetes mellitus caused by?

A

decreased sensitivity to insulin

e.g. downregulation of insulin receptor on target cells

77
Q

What is diabetes mellitus characterized by?

A
  • excessive urine production
  • excessive thirst/eating
  • FA broken down for energy
  • excess glucose damages BV, leading to tissue ischemia, eye and kidney pathologies
78
Q

How does diabetes mellitus lead to excessive urine production and excessive thirst?

A

high blood glucose causes glucose in urine, triggering osmotic diuresis (water pulled out of blood into urine along conc gradient)

79
Q

How does diabetes mellitus lead to excessive eating?

A

due to lack of glucose available for cells (lack of receptors)

80
Q

How does diabetes mellitus lead to FA being broken down for energy?

A

ketone bodies in blood make blood acidic

81
Q

What hormones do the ovaries secrete?

A

2 estrogens (estradiol & estrone), progesterone, inhibin, relaxin

82
Q

What is the function of estrogens and progesterone?

A

regulate repro cycle, maintain pregnancy, prepare mammary glands for lactation, maintain F secondary sex characteristics

83
Q

What is the function of inhibin?

A

inhibits FSH secretion

84
Q

What is the function of relaxin?

A

helps dilate uterine cervix during labour and delivery; increase flexibility of pubic symphysis

85
Q

What hormones are secreted by the testes?

A

testosterone and inhibin

86
Q

What is the function of testosterone?

A

regulate descent of testes, sperm production, maintenance of M secondary sex characteristics

87
Q

What hormones does the thymus secrete?

A

secretes hormones involved in T lymphocyte maturation and activation and in various immune responses

88
Q

What hormone does the heart release?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in response to high BP

- increases sodium and water secretion; opposite of aldosterone

89
Q

What hormones do the kidneys release?

A

erythropoietin (in response to hypoxia), renin, calcitriol

BIOL 1191 (16 decks)

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