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BIOL 1191 > Ch. 15 - ANS > Flashcards

Ch. 15 - ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is autonomic tone?

A

regulation of balance bt sympathetic and parasympathetic activity by the hypothalamus

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2
Q

What are some examples of sympathetic responses?

A
  • dilation (enlarging) of pupils
  • increased HR, BP, contraction force
  • decreased blood flow to non-essential organs
  • increased blood flow to sk/card muscle
  • airways dilate and resp rate increases
  • blood glucose level increases
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3
Q

Why do blood glucose levels increase during a fight-or-flight response?

A

requires increased ATP production to deliver energy to skeletal muscles

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4
Q

What are some examples of parasympathetic responses?

A
  • salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation

- decreased HR, pupil diameter & airway diameter

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5
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

A

lateral grey horns of the spinal cord (T1-L2)

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6
Q

What is another name for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

thoracolumbar division

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7
Q

Where is the site of synapse of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the symp NS?

A

ganglia in PNS

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8
Q

What is the difference between trunk ganglia and prevertebral ganglia?

A

TRUNK - lie on either side of spinal cord

PREVERTEBRAL - lie anterior to spinal cord

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9
Q

What are the 4 different options for sympathetic postganglionic cells? (what can the pre axon synapse wit?)

A
  1. postganglionic neuron in chain ganglion at same level
  2. postgangionic neuron in chain ganglion at higher/lower level
  3. postganglionic neuron in prevertebral ganglion
  4. chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla
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10
Q

Describe the structure of (myelinated) preganglionic cells in the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • axons of preganglionic cells leave SC through anterior root of spinal nerve
  • axons enter white ramus (short pathway)
  • connext to ganglia of sympathetic chain via white rami communicantes
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11
Q

Describe the structure of (unmyelinated) postganglionic cells in the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • unmyelinated postg axons enter grey ramus that merges with spinal nerve
  • connect ganglia to spinal nerves via grey rami communicantes
  • then supply peripheral viseral effector organs!
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12
Q

Why are postganglionic axons long in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

to travel far to the effectors; preG are short because they are closer to the spinal cord

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13
Q

How are splanchnic nerves formed?

A

from preganglionic cells that extend to prevertebral ganglia without synapsing in the sympathetic trunk

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14
Q

How do chromaffin cells secrete hormones from preganglionic neurons?

A

sphalnchnic nerves synapse with chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla and secrete 80% E/20% NE in bloodstream

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15
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

modified postganglioni neurons in the adrenal medulla that lack dendrites and axons

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16
Q

Where are parasympathetic preganglionic cell bodies found?

A
  • CN III, VII, IX, X

- lateral grey matter of S2-S4 of spinal cord (sacral region)

17
Q

What is another name for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

craniosacral division

18
Q

Describe the structure of an emerging parasympathetic ganglia

A
  • preG axons emerge as part of cranial nerve OR

- part of a sacral spinal nerve that forms a pelvic splanchic nerve

19
Q

Where do preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons?

A

terminal ganglia near (or in wall of) effector organ

20
Q

Why postganglionic axons short in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

to be closer to their effectors; preG are long as they start from cranial nerves or sacral region

21
Q

What do parasympathetic neurons have in place of plexuses to allow for localized responses?

A

preG neurons synapse with only 4-5 postG axons in terminal ganglia that supply the same effector

22
Q

Which neurons are cholinergic?

A
  • all preganglionic S/PS neurons
  • all postganglionic PS neurons
  • S postganglionic cells to sweat glands
23
Q

Is ACh excitatory or inhibitory to postsynaptic cells?

A

can be either depending on receptor type and cell involved

24
Q

What are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors?

A

nicotonic and muscarinic

25
Q

What does the activation of nicotinic receptors lead to?

A

excitation of postsynaptic cell

26
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

dendrites and cell bodies of ANS postG neurons, chromaffin cells, and sarcolemma of skeletal muscles (NMJ)

27
Q

What does the activation of muscarinic receptors lead to?

A

either excitation or inhibition, depending on the cell

28
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

parasympathetic effectors, sweat glands

29
Q

Which neurons are adrenergic?

A

most postganglionic S neurons

30
Q

What does the activation of adrenergic neurons lead to?

A

excitation or inhibition of postsynaptic cell depending on receptor type and cell involved

31
Q

Compare the length of effects triggered by adrenergic neurons to cholinergic neurons

A

adrenergic - typically longer lasting, takes longer for response to go away bc NE lingers at synapse

32
Q

What are the 2 main types of adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha and beta receptors

33
Q

Examples of clinical use for muscarinic ACh receptor agonists

A

stimulate parasympathetic NS

  • treat dry mouth
  • stimulate gut motility after surgery
34
Q

Examples of clinical use for muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists

A

block receptors; prevent responses from parasympathetic NS

  • dilate pupils during ophthalmologic exams
35
Q

Examples of clinical use for adrenergic receptor agonists

A
  • treat anaphylactic shock (E stimulates sympathetic NS, cause BV to dilate)
  • promote bronchodilation in patients with asthma
36
Q

Examples of clinical use for adrenergic receptor antagonists

A
  • treat hypertension (lower BP)

- protective following myocardial infarction (helps relax heart to not pump as hard)

37
Q

What are the input and output to the hypothalamus?

A

input - emotions, visceral sensory info

output - to nuclei in brainstem and SC (preG neurons)

BIOL 1191 (16 decks)

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