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BIOL 1191 > Ch. 16 - Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems > Flashcards

Ch. 16 - Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Define perception

A

conscious awareness and interpretation of a sensation

  • involves cerebral cortex
  • precise localization and identification
  • memories of perceptions are stored in the cortex
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2
Q

Define sensation

A

any stimuli the body is aware of

- involve chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nocireceptors, baroreceptors

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3
Q

What is sensory modality?

A

a specific type of sensation

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4
Q

What is receptor specificity?

A

sensory neuron only carries info for one sensory modality

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5
Q

What are the 2 classes of sensory modalities?

A

general senses and special senses

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6
Q

Define transduction

A

conversion of a stimulus to a graded potential (elec energy); depends on stimulus strength

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7
Q

What are separate sensory cells? What are some example?

A

specialized cells that respond to stimuli; synapse with first-order neuron

  • photoreceptors, gustatory receptor cells, hair cells
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8
Q

What are rapidly adapting receptors?

A

smell, touch, vibration

specialized for detecting changes in the environment

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9
Q

What are slowly adapting receptors?

A

pain, body position

nerve impulses continue for duration of stimulus (continuous firing of APs)

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10
Q

What are the 4 somatic modalities?

A

tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive

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11
Q

What are tactile sensations?

A

touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle

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12
Q

Which tactile receptors are rapidly adapting?

A

corpuscles of touch, lamellated corpuscles, hair root plexuses

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13
Q

Which tactile receptors are slowly adapting?

A

type I + type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors

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14
Q

Which tactile receptors are free nerve endings?

A

hair root plexus, type I mechanoreceptors

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15
Q

C/C type I and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors

A

TYPE I - free nerve endings, contact stratum basale; used in continuous touch

TYPE II - encapsulated in dermis/subC layers; detect skin stretching

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16
Q

What is pressure?

A

sustained sensation felt over a larger area than touch; less variation in intensity

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17
Q

What is vibration?

A

sensations resulting from rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors

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18
Q

C/C lamellated corpuscles and corpuscles of touch

A

lamellated - encapsulated in dermis/subC layer, sense high freq vibrations
touch - free nerve endings in dermal papillae, sense low freq vibrations

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19
Q

What kind of receptors are for itch/tickle? What are they stimulated by?

A

free nerve endings; chemicals or inflammation

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20
Q

C/C cold and warm thermal receptors

A
  • both are free nerve endings on skin surface

cold - in stratum basale, respond to temp 10-35 C

warm - in dermis, respond to 30-45 C

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21
Q

What receptors are activated in extreme weather conditions?

A

pain receptors in temp below 10 C and above 45 C

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22
Q

Describe features of nociceptors

A

free nerve endings located in all tissues except brain; slight adaptation
- tissue injury release chemicals that stimulate nociceptors

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23
Q

Describe fast (acute) pain

A
  • sharp pricking pain
  • occurs rapidly after stimulus
  • localized easily, felt in superficial tissues
  • travels through myelinated nerve fibers
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24
Q

Describe slow (chronic) pain

A
  • aching, burning, throbbing
  • begins slowly, increases in intensity
  • both superficial and deep tissues
  • localized easily but pain diffuses across larger area
  • travels through unmyelinated nerve fibers
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25
Q

3 types of pain

A

superficial somatic, deep somatic, visceral

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26
Q

C/C superficial and somatic pain

A

superficial - stimulation of pain receptors in skin

deep - stimulation of pain receptors in sk muscles, joints, tendons

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27
Q

What are 3 ways of analgesic action?

A
  1. block formation of chemicals that stimulate nociceptors (e.g. aspirin, ibuprofen)
  2. block conduction of nerve impulses along pain fibers (procaine blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels)
  3. lessen perception of pain in brain (morphine inhibits substance P)
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28
Q

What are 3 examples of proprioceptive receptors?

A
  • muscle spindles
  • tendon organs
  • joint kinesthetic receptors
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29
Q

What are muscle spindles and some of their characteristics?

A
  • deep in sk muscles that monitor length of muscle fibers
  • free nerve endings (sensory)
  • each innervate 3-10 intrafusal muscle fibres
  • spindle encapsulated by CT
  • also contains motor neurons
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30
Q

What are tendon organs and some of their characteristics?

A
  • located at junction of tendon and muscle to monitor muscle tension
  • CT capsule surrounding tendon fascicles + sensory nerve endings
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31
Q

What are joint kinesthetic receptors?

A
  • detect joint position and movement
  • found in articular capsules of synovial joints
  • type II mechanoreceptors, lamellated corpuscles, tendon organs
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32
Q

What are somatic sensory pathways?

A

relay info from somatic sensory receptors to primary somatosensory area in cerebral cortex + cerebellum

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33
Q

What are the three neurons in a somatic sensory pathway?

A
  1. first-order neuron carries impulses from somatic receptors to brainstem or SC
  2. second-order neuron conducts impulses from brainstem/SC to thalamus (decussates)
  3. third-order neuron conducts impulses from thalamus to primary somatosensory area of cortex on same side
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34
Q

What are 3 general somatic sensory pathways?

A
  1. posterior column-medial lemniscus
  2. anterolateral (spinothalamic)
  3. trigeminothalamic
35
Q

What are the sensations for posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway?

A

touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception from limbs/trunk/neck/posterior head

36
Q

Where are the first-order neurons for the post-CM lemniscus pathway?

A

2 tracts

  • lower gracile fasciculus
  • upper cuneate fasciculus
37
Q

Where are the second-order neurons for the post-CM lemniscus pathway?

A

medial lamniscus tract to thalamus

- decussation occurs here!!!

38
Q

Where are the third-order neurons for the post-CM lemniscus pathway?

A

thalamus to primary somatosensory area

39
Q

What are the sensations for the spinothalamic pathway?

A

pain, temp, itch, tickle from limbs/trunk/neck/posterior head

40
Q

Where are the first-order neurons for the spinothalamic pathway?

A

synapses in SC

41
Q

Where are the second-order neurons for the spinothalamic pathway?

A

spinothalamic tract to thalamus

42
Q

Where are the third-order neurons for the spinothalamic pathway?

A

thalamus to primary somatosensory area

43
Q

What are the sensations for the trigeminothalamic pathway?

A

most somatic sensations (tactile, thermal, pain) from face, nasal/oral cavity, teeth

44
Q

Where are the first-order neurons for the trigeminothalamic pathway?

A

synapses in pons or medulla

45
Q

Where are the second-order neurons for the trigeminothalamic pathway?

A

trigeminothalamic tract to thalamus

46
Q

Where are the third-order neurons for the trigeminothalamic pathway?

A

thalamus to primary somatosensory area

47
Q

Why do axons of somatic sensory neurons also carry signals to the cerebellum?

A

unconscious (bc below cerebral cortex); essential for posture, balance coordination of skilled movements

48
Q

What are the 2 major routes for signals to reach cerebellum?

A

anterior spinocerebellar tract

posterior spinocerebellar tract

49
Q

Where are the receptors for sensory neurons to cerebellum?

A

proprioceptors

50
Q

What do somatic motor pathways always involve?

A

two motor neurons: upper (UMN) and lower (LMN)

51
Q

Where are UMNs located?

A

cell body in CNS motor area (80% in cortex; 20% in brainstem)

52
Q

Where are LMNs located?

A

extends from brainstem/SC to innervate sk muscles

53
Q

What is the function of basal nuclei?

A

help establish muscle tone and initiate/terminate movements, suppress unwanted movement

54
Q

How does the cerebellum control body movement?

A

helps make movements smooth; maintain posture/balance

55
Q

How do the motor portions of the cerebral cortex control body movement?

A

initiate and control precise movements

56
Q

What are 4 neural circuits that participate in control of movement? (provide input to LMN)

A
  • local circuit neurons
  • upper motor neurons
  • basal nuclei
  • cerebellar neurons
57
Q

What is the function of local circuit neurons?

A

located close to LMN cell bodies in brainstem/SC

- coordinate rhythmic activities (e.g. flexion/extension when walking)

58
Q

What is the function of UMN from brainstem?

A

muscle tone, posture, balance, orient head/body

59
Q

What is the function of cerebellar neurons?

A

coordinate body movements, posture, balance

60
Q

What is the function of UMN from cerebral cortex?

A

planning, initiating, directing sequence of movements

61
Q

What are the 2 types of motor neuron pathways?

A
  1. direct pathways - provide input to LMN via axons that extend directly from cerebral cortex
  2. indirect pathways - provide in put to LMN from motor centers in brainstem
62
Q

What is the purpose of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

for skilled movements of hands and feet

63
Q

Describe the pathway of the lateral corticospinal tract

A

cerebral cortex –> cerebral peduncle –> decussation in pyramids of medulla –> form tract in lateral white column of SC –> synapse with LMNs/local circuit neurons in anterior grey horn of SC –> exit via anterior root of spinal nerves

64
Q

What is the purpose of the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

for movement of trunk and proximal parts of limbs

65
Q

Describe the pathway of the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

cerebral cortex –> cerebral peduncle –> pyramids of medulla –> form tract in anterior white column of SC –> decussation in anterior white commissure –> synapse with LMNs/local circuit neurons in anterior grey horn of SC

66
Q

What is the purpose of the corticobulbar tract?

A

movement of skeletal muscles in the head (eyes, tongue, neck, expression, speech, chewing, swallowing)

67
Q

Describe the pathway of the corticobulbar tract?

A

cerebral cortex –> cerebral peduncle –> brainstem

*some decussate, some dont

68
Q

Where do the axons of UMNs terminate in the corticobulbar tract?

A

in nuclei of CN III, IV-VII, IX-XII

motor/mixed nerves

69
Q

What are 4 indirect pathways and what movements do they contribute to?

A
  1. rubrospinal - precise movements in distal upper limbs
  2. tectospinal - move head and eyes in response to visual or auditory stimuli
  3. vestibulospinal - posture, balance
  4. lateral/medial reticulospinal - facilitate flexor/extensor reflexes to regulate muscle tone
70
Q

What is movement initiation and suppression?

A

basal nuclei receive input from sensory, association, and motor cortex
- output to thalamus –> UMNs in motor cortex

71
Q

What is the function of basal nuclei connections?

A
  • regulation of muscle tone (reticular formation, medial/lateral reticulospinal tracts)
  • regulation of nonmotor processes (memory, attention, planning, emotions)
72
Q

What are the 4 aspects of cerebellar function?

A

intention, actual movement, compare intention with actual performance, send out corrective feedback

73
Q

Where do UMNs of the corticospinal pathways receive their input from?

A

spinocerebellar tract, vestibular nuclei, superior colliculi

74
Q

What inputs activate the RAS?

A

pain, light, touch, noise, muscle activity, touch

75
Q

How do adenosine and caffeine affect the RAS?

A

adenosine is a sleep-inducing NT that inhibits RAS activity

caffeine binds to adenosine receptors and prevents sleepiness

76
Q

What are the 2 components of normal sleep?

A

NREM (inactive brain, active body)

REM (active brain, inactive body)

77
Q

What areas of the brain are active during REM sleep?

A

visual association area, limbic system - high

- neuronal activity and O2 use is highest

78
Q

Which motor neurons are inhibited during REM sleep?

A

all sk muscles are paralyzed; not including breathing/eye movement

79
Q

What is a coma?

A

state of unconsciousness with little to no response in stimuli

80
Q

What is learning?

A

ability to acquire new info or skills through instruction or experience

81
Q

What is memory?

A

process by which information is stored and retrieved

82
Q

C/C short-term and long-term memory

A

short - recall pieces of info for seconds/minutes; involves hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus

long - lasts days-years; long term for info that can be verbalized stored in cerebral cortex; long term info for motor functions stored in basal ganglia, cerebellum, cortex

83
Q

How does language relate to Wernicke’s area?

A

association - interprets meaning of written or spoken words (primary visual/auditory area)
- assign meaning to thoughts

84
Q

How does language relate to Broca’s area?

A

motor - receives input from Wernicke’s area and sends info to primary motor area –> contraction of muscles required for speech

BIOL 1191 (16 decks)

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