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BIOL 1191 > Ch. 16 - Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems > Flashcards

Ch. 16 - Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Define perception

A

conscious awareness and interpretation of a sensation

  • involves cerebral cortex
  • precise localization and identification
  • memories of perceptions are stored in the cortex
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2
Q

Define sensation

A

any stimuli the body is aware of

- involve chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nocireceptors, baroreceptors

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3
Q

What is sensory modality?

A

a specific type of sensation

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4
Q

What is receptor specificity?

A

sensory neuron only carries info for one sensory modality

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5
Q

What are the 2 classes of sensory modalities?

A

general senses and special senses

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6
Q

Define transduction

A

conversion of a stimulus to a graded potential (elec energy); depends on stimulus strength

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7
Q

What are separate sensory cells? What are some example?

A

specialized cells that respond to stimuli; synapse with first-order neuron

  • photoreceptors, gustatory receptor cells, hair cells
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8
Q

What are rapidly adapting receptors?

A

smell, touch, vibration

specialized for detecting changes in the environment

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9
Q

What are slowly adapting receptors?

A

pain, body position

nerve impulses continue for duration of stimulus (continuous firing of APs)

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10
Q

What are the 4 somatic modalities?

A

tactile, thermal, pain, proprioceptive

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11
Q

What are tactile sensations?

A

touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle

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12
Q

Which tactile receptors are rapidly adapting?

A

corpuscles of touch, lamellated corpuscles, hair root plexuses

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13
Q

Which tactile receptors are slowly adapting?

A

type I + type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors

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14
Q

Which tactile receptors are free nerve endings?

A

hair root plexus, type I mechanoreceptors

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15
Q

C/C type I and type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors

A

TYPE I - free nerve endings, contact stratum basale; used in continuous touch

TYPE II - encapsulated in dermis/subC layers; detect skin stretching

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16
Q

What is pressure?

A

sustained sensation felt over a larger area than touch; less variation in intensity

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17
Q

What is vibration?

A

sensations resulting from rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors

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18
Q

C/C lamellated corpuscles and corpuscles of touch

A

lamellated - encapsulated in dermis/subC layer, sense high freq vibrations
touch - free nerve endings in dermal papillae, sense low freq vibrations

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19
Q

What kind of receptors are for itch/tickle? What are they stimulated by?

A

free nerve endings; chemicals or inflammation

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20
Q

C/C cold and warm thermal receptors

A
  • both are free nerve endings on skin surface

cold - in stratum basale, respond to temp 10-35 C

warm - in dermis, respond to 30-45 C

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21
Q

What receptors are activated in extreme weather conditions?

A

pain receptors in temp below 10 C and above 45 C

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22
Q

Describe features of nociceptors

A

free nerve endings located in all tissues except brain; slight adaptation
- tissue injury release chemicals that stimulate nociceptors

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23
Q

Describe fast (acute) pain

A
  • sharp pricking pain
  • occurs rapidly after stimulus
  • localized easily, felt in superficial tissues
  • travels through myelinated nerve fibers
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24
Q

Describe slow (chronic) pain

A
  • aching, burning, throbbing
  • begins slowly, increases in intensity
  • both superficial and deep tissues
  • localized easily but pain diffuses across larger area
  • travels through unmyelinated nerve fibers
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25
3 types of pain
superficial somatic, deep somatic, visceral
26
C/C superficial and somatic pain
superficial - stimulation of pain receptors in skin deep - stimulation of pain receptors in sk muscles, joints, tendons
27
What are 3 ways of analgesic action?
1. block formation of chemicals that stimulate nociceptors (e.g. aspirin, ibuprofen) 2. block conduction of nerve impulses along pain fibers (procaine blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels) 3. lessen perception of pain in brain (morphine inhibits substance P)
28
What are 3 examples of proprioceptive receptors?
- muscle spindles - tendon organs - joint kinesthetic receptors
29
What are muscle spindles and some of their characteristics?
- deep in sk muscles that monitor length of muscle fibers - free nerve endings (sensory) - each innervate 3-10 intrafusal muscle fibres - spindle encapsulated by CT - also contains motor neurons
30
What are tendon organs and some of their characteristics?
- located at junction of tendon and muscle to monitor muscle tension - CT capsule surrounding tendon fascicles + sensory nerve endings
31
What are joint kinesthetic receptors?
- detect joint position and movement - found in articular capsules of synovial joints - type II mechanoreceptors, lamellated corpuscles, tendon organs
32
What are somatic sensory pathways?
relay info from somatic sensory receptors to primary somatosensory area in cerebral cortex + cerebellum
33
What are the three neurons in a somatic sensory pathway?
1. first-order neuron carries impulses from somatic receptors to brainstem or SC 2. second-order neuron conducts impulses from brainstem/SC to thalamus (decussates) 3. third-order neuron conducts impulses from thalamus to primary somatosensory area of cortex on same side
34
What are 3 general somatic sensory pathways?
1. posterior column-medial lemniscus 2. anterolateral (spinothalamic) 3. trigeminothalamic
35
What are the sensations for posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway?
touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception from limbs/trunk/neck/posterior head
36
Where are the first-order neurons for the post-CM lemniscus pathway?
2 tracts - lower gracile fasciculus - upper cuneate fasciculus
37
Where are the second-order neurons for the post-CM lemniscus pathway?
medial lamniscus tract to thalamus | - decussation occurs here!!!
38
Where are the third-order neurons for the post-CM lemniscus pathway?
thalamus to primary somatosensory area
39
What are the sensations for the spinothalamic pathway?
pain, temp, itch, tickle from limbs/trunk/neck/posterior head
40
Where are the first-order neurons for the spinothalamic pathway?
synapses in SC
41
Where are the second-order neurons for the spinothalamic pathway?
spinothalamic tract to thalamus
42
Where are the third-order neurons for the spinothalamic pathway?
thalamus to primary somatosensory area
43
What are the sensations for the trigeminothalamic pathway?
most somatic sensations (tactile, thermal, pain) from face, nasal/oral cavity, teeth
44
Where are the first-order neurons for the trigeminothalamic pathway?
synapses in pons or medulla
45
Where are the second-order neurons for the trigeminothalamic pathway?
trigeminothalamic tract to thalamus
46
Where are the third-order neurons for the trigeminothalamic pathway?
thalamus to primary somatosensory area
47
Why do axons of somatic sensory neurons also carry signals to the cerebellum?
unconscious (bc below cerebral cortex); essential for posture, balance coordination of skilled movements
48
What are the 2 major routes for signals to reach cerebellum?
anterior spinocerebellar tract posterior spinocerebellar tract
49
Where are the receptors for sensory neurons to cerebellum?
proprioceptors
50
What do somatic motor pathways always involve?
two motor neurons: upper (UMN) and lower (LMN)
51
Where are UMNs located?
cell body in CNS motor area (80% in cortex; 20% in brainstem)
52
Where are LMNs located?
extends from brainstem/SC to innervate sk muscles
53
What is the function of basal nuclei?
help establish muscle tone and initiate/terminate movements, suppress unwanted movement
54
How does the cerebellum control body movement?
helps make movements smooth; maintain posture/balance
55
How do the motor portions of the cerebral cortex control body movement?
initiate and control precise movements
56
What are 4 neural circuits that participate in control of movement? (provide input to LMN)
- local circuit neurons - upper motor neurons - basal nuclei - cerebellar neurons
57
What is the function of local circuit neurons?
located close to LMN cell bodies in brainstem/SC | - coordinate rhythmic activities (e.g. flexion/extension when walking)
58
What is the function of UMN from brainstem?
muscle tone, posture, balance, orient head/body
59
What is the function of cerebellar neurons?
coordinate body movements, posture, balance
60
What is the function of UMN from cerebral cortex?
planning, initiating, directing sequence of movements
61
What are the 2 types of motor neuron pathways?
1. direct pathways - provide input to LMN via axons that extend directly from cerebral cortex 2. indirect pathways - provide in put to LMN from motor centers in brainstem
62
What is the purpose of the lateral corticospinal tract?
for skilled movements of hands and feet
63
Describe the pathway of the lateral corticospinal tract
cerebral cortex --> cerebral peduncle --> decussation in pyramids of medulla --> form tract in lateral white column of SC --> synapse with LMNs/local circuit neurons in anterior grey horn of SC --> exit via anterior root of spinal nerves
64
What is the purpose of the anterior corticospinal tract?
for movement of trunk and proximal parts of limbs
65
Describe the pathway of the anterior corticospinal tract?
cerebral cortex --> cerebral peduncle --> pyramids of medulla --> form tract in anterior white column of SC --> decussation in anterior white commissure --> synapse with LMNs/local circuit neurons in anterior grey horn of SC
66
What is the purpose of the corticobulbar tract?
movement of skeletal muscles in the head (eyes, tongue, neck, expression, speech, chewing, swallowing)
67
Describe the pathway of the corticobulbar tract?
cerebral cortex --> cerebral peduncle --> brainstem *some decussate, some dont
68
Where do the axons of UMNs terminate in the corticobulbar tract?
in nuclei of CN III, IV-VII, IX-XII | motor/mixed nerves
69
What are 4 indirect pathways and what movements do they contribute to?
1. rubrospinal - precise movements in distal upper limbs 2. tectospinal - move head and eyes in response to visual or auditory stimuli 3. vestibulospinal - posture, balance 4. lateral/medial reticulospinal - facilitate flexor/extensor reflexes to regulate muscle tone
70
What is movement initiation and suppression?
basal nuclei receive input from sensory, association, and motor cortex - output to thalamus --> UMNs in motor cortex
71
What is the function of basal nuclei connections?
- regulation of muscle tone (reticular formation, medial/lateral reticulospinal tracts) - regulation of nonmotor processes (memory, attention, planning, emotions)
72
What are the 4 aspects of cerebellar function?
intention, actual movement, compare intention with actual performance, send out corrective feedback
73
Where do UMNs of the corticospinal pathways receive their input from?
spinocerebellar tract, vestibular nuclei, superior colliculi
74
What inputs activate the RAS?
pain, light, touch, noise, muscle activity, touch
75
How do adenosine and caffeine affect the RAS?
adenosine is a sleep-inducing NT that inhibits RAS activity caffeine binds to adenosine receptors and prevents sleepiness
76
What are the 2 components of normal sleep?
NREM (inactive brain, active body) | REM (active brain, inactive body)
77
What areas of the brain are active during REM sleep?
visual association area, limbic system - high | - neuronal activity and O2 use is highest
78
Which motor neurons are inhibited during REM sleep?
all sk muscles are paralyzed; not including breathing/eye movement
79
What is a coma?
state of unconsciousness with little to no response in stimuli
80
What is learning?
ability to acquire new info or skills through instruction or experience
81
What is memory?
process by which information is stored and retrieved
82
C/C short-term and long-term memory
short - recall pieces of info for seconds/minutes; involves hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus long - lasts days-years; long term for info that can be verbalized stored in cerebral cortex; long term info for motor functions stored in basal ganglia, cerebellum, cortex
83
How does language relate to Wernicke's area?
association - interprets meaning of written or spoken words (primary visual/auditory area) - assign meaning to thoughts
84
How does language relate to Broca's area?
motor - receives input from Wernicke's area and sends info to primary motor area --> contraction of muscles required for speech

BIOL 1191 (16 decks)

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