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BIOL 1191 > Ch. 14 - Brain and Cranial Nerves II > Flashcards

Ch. 14 - Brain and Cranial Nerves II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • evaluate movements that cerebrum is ordering
  • finetune motor function (voluntary and involuntary movement)
  • maintain balance
  • store memories of learned movements
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2
Q

What are some structures in the cerebellum?

A
  • cerebellar hemispheres (L, R)
  • flocculonodular lobe
  • cerebellar peduncles (paired; sup, mid, inf)
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3
Q

What is the function of the cerebellar hemispheres and what do they consist of?

A
  • control subconscious aspects of sk muscle movements

- each consist of ant and post lobes separated by fissures

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4
Q

What is the function of flocculonodular lobe?

A

maintain equilibrium/balance

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5
Q

What is the function of cerebellar peduncles?

A
  • help coordinate muscle movement

- white matter tract attach cerebellum to brainstem

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6
Q

What is ataxia?

A

loss of ability to coordinate movement

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7
Q

What can occur when the cerebellum is damaged?

A
  • ataxia
  • no sense of proprioception
  • uncoordinated speech muscles
  • abnormal stumbling
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8
Q

What does the diencephalon include?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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9
Q

What does the thalamus consist of?

A
  • constitutes 80% of diencephalon
  • paired oval masses of grey matter connected across the 3rd ventricle by interthalamic adhesion
  • contains nuclei and tracts
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10
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A
  • relay station for sensory and motor function
    S - filters info from spinal cord/brain stem to the cerebral cortex; each region of thalamus contains nuclei that connect to specific regions of cc

M - sends info from cerebellum/basal nuclei to primary motor areas of cerebral cortex

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11
Q

What are the 4 main regions of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. mammillary
  2. tuberal region
  3. supraoptic
  4. preoptic
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12
Q

What are some functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • control of the ANS
  • hormone production
  • regulation of emotional and beh patterns
  • regulation of eating and drinking
  • control of body temp
  • regulation of circadian rhythms/states of consc
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13
Q

Describe how the hypothalamus controls the ANS

A
  • axons from hypothalamus extend to sym/parasym nuclei in brainstem and spinal cord
  • stimulate autonomic effectors (e.g. regulate HR, movement of food through GI tract)
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14
Q

Describe how the hypothalamus functions with hormone production

A

releases hormones into capillary network –> carried to anterior pituitary –> stimulate/inhibit secretion of ant pit hormones

  • cell bodies in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei produce ADH/oxytocin
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15
Q

Describe how the hypothalamus functions in the regulation of emotional and behavioural patterns

A

with limbic system, participates in expression of pain, pleasure, rage, sexual arousal, aggression

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16
Q

Describe how the hypothalamus functions in the regulation of eating/drinking

A

contains thirst, feeding, and satiety centers

certain cells stimulated by increasing osmotic pressure of ECF and cause thirst sensation –> drinking H2O restores normal osmotic pressure

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17
Q

Describe how the hypothalamus functions in the control of body temp

A

ANS stimulate vasodilation/vasoconstriction to release/retain heat when temp of blood flowing through hypothalamus is too hot/low

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18
Q

Where is the epithalamus found and what does it contain?

A
  • sup and post to the thalamus

- contains the pineal gland and habenular nuclei

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19
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A
  • secretes melatonin during darkness
  • promotes sleepiness, sets biol clock
  • pea-sized endocrine gland
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20
Q

What is the function of the habenular nuclei?

A
  • involved in olfaction, particularly emo responses to odours
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21
Q

What are circumventricular organs (CVOs) ?

A

structures that lie w/i the 3rd ventricle and lack a BBB

- includes part of the hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, and other nearby structures

22
Q

What is the function of CVOs?

A
  • monitor chem changes in blood to coordinate homeostatic activities of the endocrine and nervous systems (e.g. BP, fluid balance)
23
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of?

A
  • outer cerebral cortex (grey matter)
  • inner cerebral white matter
  • deep grey matter nuclei
  • gyri (folds of cortex)
  • fissures (deep grooves bt folds)
  • sulci (shallow grooves bt folds)
24
Q

How are the cerebral hemispheres organized and what do they do?

A

2 hemispheres divided into 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)

  • each hem receives sensory input and generates motor output to opposite side of body
25
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure separate?

A

separates cerebrum into R and L hemispheres

26
Q

What is the corpus callosum and what does it separate?

A
  • broad band of white matter

- axons connect hemispheres

27
Q

What are the 3 tracts (myelinated axons) of cerebral white matter?

A

association tracts, commissural tracts, projection tracts

28
Q

What do association tracts do?

A

connect and transmit nerve impulses bt gyri in same hemisphere

29
Q

What do commissural tracts do?

A

connect gyri from one hemisphere to corresponding of other hemisphere

e.g. corpus callosum, ant/post commissures

30
Q

What do projection tracts do?

A

form descending and ascending tracts that transmit impulses from cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord

e.g. diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

31
Q

What is the function of basal nuclei?

A
  • receive input from cerebral cortex and send output back to motor cortex via thalamus
  • help regulate initiation/termination of movements
  • help control muscle tone, subconscious movements, posture
  • affect attention, memory, coordination w limbic system to regulate emo beh
32
Q

How do basal nuclei control muscular movements?

A

influence cerebral cortex, rather than influencing motor neurons via direct descending pathways

33
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

circle of structures forming floor of diencephalon and wrapping up and around corpus callosum

34
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A
  • involved in establishing emo states (pain, pleasure, affection) –> amygdala (rage and fear)
  • memory storage and retrieval (hippocampus helps form new memories)
35
Q

What are the 3 types of (functional) areas in the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. sensory areas (perception of sensation)
  2. motor areas (initiation of movements)
  3. association areas (complex integrative functions such as memory, reasoning, judgement, personality, intelligence)
36
Q

What is the function of the primary sensory areas? What are 5 important areas?

A

concerned with reception and interpretation of sensory impulses

primary somatosensory, visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory

37
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory area?

A

localization of origin and intensity of sensation

- receives input from touch, proproception, pain, tickle, itch, thermal sensations

38
Q

What is the function of the visual area?

A

receives impulses that convey info (e.g. shape, colour, movement) for vision

cell bodies in eye –> axons of CN II –> thalamus –> primary visual cortex

39
Q

What are the 2 important motor areas?

A

primary motor area & Broca’s speech area

40
Q

What is the function of the primary motor area? Where is it located?

A

controls voluntary contractions of contralateral sk muscles in precentral gyrus

41
Q

What is the function of Broca’s speech area?

A

control of tongue and airway to produce speech (in L frontal lobe); controls articulation of speech

42
Q

What would lesions in the Broca’s area lead to?

A

ability to understand, but cannot speak

43
Q

What is the function of association areas? How are different association areas connected to each other?

A

complex integrative functions (e.g. memory, reasoning, judgement, personality traits)

connected by association tracts

44
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory association area?

A

receives input from primary ss area & thalamus and integrates/interprets sensations

  • determine exact shape/texture of object by feel
  • storage of past somatic sensory exp
45
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A

interprets meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words

46
Q

What would damage to Wernicke’s area look like?

A

production of speech, but incoherent

47
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

most linked with who we are; the ‘executive’

  • personality, intellect, judgement, reasoning, conscience, abstract ideas
48
Q

What are some differences between the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

A

RIGHT - visual and spatial skills; musical and artistic awareness; generate emo content of language

LEFT - language, numerical and scientific skills, spoken and written language

49
Q

What are the 4 kinds of brain waves that can be recorded from an electroencephalogram (EEG) ?

A

alpha, beta, theta, delta

50
Q

What can be deduced from the 4 brain waves?

A

alpha - awake/resting
beta - mental activity
theta - emo stress
delta - deep sleep

BIOL 1191 (16 decks)

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