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Physical Science > Ch. 27 > Flashcards

Ch. 27 Flashcards

1
Q

The process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface…

A

Weathering

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2
Q

A mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life.

A

Soil

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3
Q

The removal of surface material through the process of weathering…

A

Erosion

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4
Q

As rock weather, erosional agents like water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials form one place to another is…

A

Sediment Transportation

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5
Q

When the erosional agent slows down or melts it drops this sediment load in a process called…

A

Deposition

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6
Q

The land area that gathers water for major river is called…

A

Drained Basin

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7
Q

The movement of water parallel to shoreline is…

A

Longshore Current

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8
Q

Weathering Definition

A

the process of physical or chemical breakdown of materials at or near Earth’s surface

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9
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

No

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10
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock type and landscape

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11
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

Mechanical and Chemical

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12
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

Physical Changes

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13
Q

What type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

Chemical Changes

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14
Q

What are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

frost wedging, biochemical activity, and collisions

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15
Q

What causes frost wedging?

A

When water collects in the cracks of rock then freezes

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16
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

Freeze Thaw cycle

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17
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

plant and animal activity

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18
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

when rocks fall from cliffs or in rivers

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19
Q

What are the two types of chemical weathering caused by?

A

Oxygen and Water

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20
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?

A

Oxidation

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21
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by water?

A

hydrolysis

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22
Q

What is parent materials?

A

material from which soil forms

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23
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

different layers of soil

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24
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

six

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25
Q

True or False, all soils contain every soil horizons?

A

False

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26
Q

What are the specific soil horizon?

A

O, A, E, B, C, and R

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27
Q

What does the first soil horizon contain?

A

organic material

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28
Q

What is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A

mostly minerals

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29
Q

Which layer does leaching occur?

A

the third

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30
Q

Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

A

Forth or B

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31
Q

Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

A

C or 5th

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32
Q

Which layer is unweathered bedrock?

A

R or 6th

33
Q

Which soil horizons make up the topsoil?

A

O & A

34
Q

Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

A

E & B

35
Q

Which soil horizons make up the true soil?

A

O A E B

36
Q

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

Weathering- breakdown of materials

Erosion- removal of surface materials

37
Q

If a slope of a river decreases what will happen to the river speed?

A

It decreases

38
Q

Small streams that flow into larger rivers are called __

A

Tributaries

39
Q

Land area that gathers water for a major river is called a __

A

Drainage Basin

40
Q

A boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called a __

A

Drainage Divide

41
Q

As water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth’s surface creating __

A

Channels

42
Q

Young rivers are __ due to the fast movement

A

V-shaped

43
Q

__ rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes

A

Mature

44
Q

What type of landform is created when rivers flood and drop their sediment load?

A

Flood Plains

45
Q

What is a fan shaped sediment deposit that forms at the mouth of a river?

A

Deltas

46
Q

What are distributaries?

A

branching channels created by deltas

47
Q

What is formed when the mouth of a stream enters dry land?

A

Alluvial Fans

48
Q

What are the two types of glaciers?

A

Valley and Continental

49
Q

Where do valley glaciers form?

A

High mountainous regions

50
Q

Where do continental glaciers form?

A

Cold climates that occupy large land areas

51
Q

Where are the two continental glaciers located?

A

Greenland and Antarctica

52
Q

What is a cirque?

A

bowl shaped basins

53
Q

What is an arete?

A

Long sharp ridgelines between valley glaciers

54
Q

What is a horn in a mountainous region?

A

sharpened peaks

55
Q

What shape of valley do valley glaciers form?

A

U shaped valleys

56
Q

What are the tributary glaciers?

A

Small glaciers that feed into larger glaciers

57
Q

What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?

A

Hanging valleys

58
Q

On which side of a sand dune does erosion occur?

A

Windward side

59
Q

On which side of a sand dune does deposition occur?

A

Leeward side

60
Q

What is deflation?

A

Removal of small particles from wind

61
Q

What is desert pavement?

A

When all the small particles are removed

62
Q

The shaped and sizes of landforms depends on?

A

wind speed, amount of time the wind blows, and sediment supply

63
Q

What are 3 landforms created by wave erosion?

A

Coastal cliffs, sea arches, and sea stacks

64
Q

What are two examples of wave deposition

A

Sand bars and sand spits

65
Q

What are sand bars?

A

Landforms parallel to the shoreline

66
Q

What are sand spit?

A

A sand bar that curves back to the land

67
Q

What are some things that can cause mass wasting?

A

Snow, heavy rain, earthquakes, or human activity

68
Q

What are some examples of mass wasting?

A

Rock slides, mudflows, and landslides

69
Q

The process by which water enters Earth’s surface and becomes groundwater below the surface

A

Infiltration

70
Q

The upper boundary of the saturated zone is

A

water table

71
Q

A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

A

aquifer

72
Q

A material that is the percentage of the material’s total volume that is pore space

A

Porosity

73
Q

The process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, object, or event

A

Absolute Dating

74
Q

The process of placing object or events in their proper order of time

A

Relative dating

75
Q

This states that the law of nature operates today as they have in the pass

A

uniformitarianism

76
Q

This states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rock will be at the top and the oldest will be at the bottom

A

principle of superposition

77
Q

Gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occured or deposition was absent

A

Unconformities

78
Q

The remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record

A

Fossils

Physical Science (8 decks)

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