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Physical Science > Ch. 26 > Flashcards

Ch. 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a crystalline form…

A

mineral

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2
Q

The color of a mineral in a powdered form is…

A

streak

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3
Q

When a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel lines…

A

cleavage

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4
Q

Minerals that break with irregular surfaces…

A

fracture

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5
Q

The physical property that measures a mineral’s resistance to scratching…

A

hardness

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6
Q

Molten rock material inside Earth…

A

magma

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7
Q

A mineral is …

A

a naturally occurring element, inorganic solid, with a crystalline form

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8
Q

What are the two most abundant elements that make up Earth’s Crust?

A

Oxygen and Silicon

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9
Q

What does inorganic mean?

A

minerals are materials that are nonliving

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10
Q

What does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?

A

breaks, how hard it is, and type of crystal shape

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11
Q

What are all they ways to identify minerals?

A

Luster, Streak, Cleavage, Fracture, Hardness, and Crystal Shape

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12
Q

What are the two types of luster?

A

Metallic and Nonmetallic

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13
Q

How does metallic luster reflect light?

A

Like a metal surface

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14
Q

How does non-metallic luster reflect light?

A

Shine on glass

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15
Q

How do you perform a streak test?

A

rubbing a material on unglazed, white porcelain tile

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16
Q

What are the two types of breakage that can happen to minerals?

A

Cleavage and Fracture

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17
Q

What is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?

A

Mohs Scale of Hardness

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18
Q

What is the number range on Mohs Scale of Hardness?

A

1-10

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19
Q

How many different crystal shape systems are there?

A

six

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20
Q

Minerals grow from the?

A

inside out

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21
Q

What are the 3 ways minerals can form?

A

Hot water, Molten rocks, and Evaporation

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22
Q

What are the two mineral groups?

A

Silicate and Nonsilicate

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23
Q

Which mineral group is the most abundant in Earth’s Crust?

A

Silicate

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24
Q

What elements are silicates made up of?

A

silicon and oxygen

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25
Q

Nonsilicates do not contain what element?

A

silicon

26
Q

What mineral is used to make glass?

A

Quartz

27
Q

What is a naturally formed mixture containing minerals, rock fragments, and volcanic glass?

A

A Rock

28
Q

How are rock identified?

A

Composition and texture

29
Q

What does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?

A

size, shape, and arrangement of the rocks composition

30
Q

Where do intrusive rocks form?

A

Underground or on Earth’s surface

31
Q

What type of molten rock does intrusive igneous rocks form from?

A

Earth’s Crust

32
Q

What is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallizations of silicate minerals?

A

Magma Composition

33
Q

What are the 3 types of magma?

A

Mafic, Intermediate, and Felsic

34
Q

What magma type has a low silica content?

A

Mafic

35
Q

What magma has a high silica content?

A

Felsic

36
Q

What kind of crust has an abundance amount of quartz?

A

Continental

37
Q

What type of crust has little to no quartz?

A

Oceanic

38
Q

What type of igneous rock has a coarse grain texture?

A

Intrusive

39
Q

What type of igneous rock has a fine grained texture?

A

Extrusive

40
Q

Do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?

A

quickly

41
Q

What are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rocks?

A

vesicular and porphyritic

42
Q

Which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling?

A

vesicular

43
Q

Which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates?

A

porphyritic

44
Q

What type of rock has a vesicular (holey) texture?

A

Pumice and scoria

45
Q

Define Clasts?

A

small rocks and mineral framents

46
Q

What type of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to?

A

water, wind, and other forces

47
Q

What does it mean if clasts are being transported?

A
48
Q

What does it mean if clasts are being deposited?

A
49
Q

Define pore space?

A

empty space in between the grains

50
Q

Define compaction

A

a process which clasts stick together due to the weight of overlying material

51
Q

Define cementation?

A

a process that minerals precipitate slowly out of a water solution and crystallize in spaces between clasts

52
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed?

A

compaction and cementation

53
Q

What is another name for clasts?

A

Detritus

54
Q

What are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clasts?

A

detrital sedimentary rock

55
Q

What is the decreasing size of clasts?

A

corse, medium, fine, and very fine

56
Q

Which clast size would be deposited first?

A

very fine

57
Q

What are 4 common detrital sedimentary rocks?

A

conglomerate/breccia, sandstone, siltstone, and shale

58
Q

How are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Water that contains dissolved solids

59
Q

If sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called?

A

Biochemicals

60
Q

What are 2 common biochemical sedimentary rocks?

A

Limestone and coal

61
Q

What are the 3 types of sedimentary rock?

A

Detrital, Chemical, and Biochemical

Physical Science (8 decks)

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