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Anatomy 151 > Ch. 26 Urinary System > Flashcards

Ch. 26 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Urinary System(4)⭐️

A

-Excretes waste products
-Kidneys filters blood to remove nitrogenous waste from urine
-Urine consists of excess water, excess ions, metabolic wastes & urea
-Regulation of extracellular fluid pH by secreting H+.

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2
Q

What does Urinary System regulate(2)⭐️

A

-Regulation of Red blood cell synthesis by secreting Erythropoietin.
-Regulation of Vitamin D synthesis to help regulate blood Ca2+ levels.

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3
Q

T/F Erythropoietin is produced in red bone marrow⭐️

A

False, in kidneys

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4
Q

Overall functions of Urinary System(KUUbU)⭐️

A

-Kidneys: produces urine
-Ureter: transport urine from the
kidney to the urinary bladder(tube)
-Urinary bladder: store urine in the
body
-Urethra: release urine out of the
body

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5
Q

Shape & Location of the kidneys⭐️

A

Retroperitoneal bean-shaped organs, found behind the peritoneum region. Left kidney is higher than right

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6
Q

Why is right kidney lower than left kidney?⭐️

A

Because of the liver, right kidney is pushed down

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7
Q

Where do the nitrogenous waste products in urine come from⭐️

A

Protein

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8
Q

ToF: Once urine is drained from kidney, the contents of the urine CAN be altered

A

False

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9
Q

Location & shape of Urinary Bladder⭐️

A

hollow muscular organ located in pelvic cavity

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10
Q

Vitamin D is initiated in the __ of the integumentary system, travels to the liver of the __ system, and becomes activated by the __ in the __ system

A

skin, digestive, kidneys, urinary

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11
Q

2 structures that ENTER renal hilum⭐️

A

Renal artery
Renal nerve

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12
Q

2 structures that EXIT renal hilum⭐️

A

Ureter
Renal vein

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13
Q

What engulfs the renal capsule and provides cushioning(t)⭐️

A

Adipose tissue

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14
Q

What is on the superior aspect of the kidneys⭐️

A

Adrenal(suprarenal) glands

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15
Q

What lies deep to the renal capsule

A

Renal cortex

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16
Q

What lies deep to the renal cortex

A

Renal medulla

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17
Q

What is the most basic path of urine (4)

A

Kidneys, ureter, Urinary bladder, then urethra

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18
Q

What is formed by the merging of the major calyces?

A

Renal pelvis

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19
Q

2 Calyces (Minor & Major)

A

• Minor calyx: Papillae extend into funnel of
minor calyx.
• Major calyx: Converge to form renal pelvis.

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20
Q

What is the area between renal pyramids called (extends into medulla but made from cortical tissue)

A

Renal columns

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21
Q

What is the most basic functional unit of the kidney⭐️

A

Nephron

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22
Q

What is the first capillary network mentioned in class located in the renal corpuscle⭐️

A

Glomerulus

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23
Q

Which cells have several foot processes that wrap around the glomerulus?⭐️

A

Podocyte

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24
Q

What is the outermost structure of the renal corpuscle called?😭

A

Bowman’s Capsule

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25
Q

Which of the tubular structures continues right after the glomerulus?⭐️

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

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26
Q

Blood vessel that drains blood INTO glomerulus(aa)⭐️

A

Afferent arteriole

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27
Q

Blood vessel that drains glomerulus⭐️

A

Efferent Arteriole

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28
Q

Space between glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule⭐️

A

Bowman’s space

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29
Q

1st capillary network⭐️

A

Glomerulus

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30
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Loop of Henle from proximal to distal⭐️

A

thick descending, ⬇️
thin descending, ⬇️
thin ascending, ⬆️
thick ascending⬆️

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31
Q

Which tubule continues after the Loop of Henle⭐️

A

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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32
Q

What tubule is located between the DCT and minor calyx⭐️

A

Collecting duct (CD)

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33
Q

What is the more complex path of urine produced by the nephron (11)

A

renal corpuscle (glomerulus), proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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34
Q

In the kidney, where is the renal corpuscle located

A

Cortex

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35
Q

Where is the Loop of Henle (all 4 parts) located

A

Medulla

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36
Q

Where is the PCT & DCT located

A

Cortex

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37
Q

Where is the CD located

A

Medulla

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38
Q

Once the kidneys start filtration, the fluid becomes and stays filtrate until it becomes urine where?

A

after exiting the collecting duct

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39
Q

Which blood vessel sends blood into the glomerulus

A

Afferent Arterioles

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40
Q

Which blood vessel has blood exiting the glomerulus

A

Efferent Arterioles

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41
Q

What is the second capillary network mentioned in class (formed from the efferent arterioles wrapping around the whole nephron)?

A

peritubular capillaries

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42
Q

T/F Afferent arterioles will give rise to the peritubular capillaries directly

A

False, efferent will

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43
Q

What do afferent arterioles give rise to directly

A

Glomerulus

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44
Q

Which nephrons have shorter Loops of Henle

A

Cortical nephrons

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45
Q

Which nephrons have longer Loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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46
Q

What is the first process of urine formation that starts in the renal corpuscle⭐️

A

Filtration @ renal corpuscle

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47
Q

What is the second process of urine formation that follows the tubular network but moves back into the peritubular capillaries⭐️

A

Tubular reabsorption

48
Q

What is the third process of urine formation that follows the peritubular capillaries and moves into the tubular network

A

Tubular secretion

49
Q

What are the cells around afferent arterioles?

A

juxtaglomerular cells

50
Q

The 2 renal tubular structures that do not occur in renal corpuscle?⭐️

A

Tubular secretion and tubular reabsorption

51
Q

What is the function of juxtaglomerular cells⭐️

A

Produces renin

52
Q

What is the funtion of mascula densa cells?(o)⭐️

A

Detects osmolality (concentration of solutes in a solution)
• Increase in osmolality: Na+ increase; volume decrease
• Decrease in osmolality: Na+ decrease; volume increase

53
Q

Which cells are found in the DCT⭐️

A

Macula densa cells

54
Q

What ion is the most common solute found in the fluid portion at the DCT?

A

Na / Sodium

55
Q

An increase in osmolality is associated with what⭐️

A

dehydration and decreased blood volume and blood pressure

56
Q

A decrease in osmolality is associated with what(water)

A

Over hydration

57
Q

T/F Macula densa cells detect decreased levels of BP and BV, and juxtaglomerular cells solve that problem⭐️

A

True

58
Q

What is fluid formed as a result of filtration called

A

Filtrate

59
Q

What are the window-like openings in the glomerular capillary endothelial cells that form the filtration membrane

A

Femestrae

60
Q

What is the path of blood flow into the kidneys coming from the abdominal aorta (RaSaIaAaIaAaGEaPcVr)⭐️

A

renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, and vasa recta

61
Q

What is another name for interlobular artery(CRA)

A

cortical radiate artery

62
Q

What is the path of blood flow out of the kidneys starting from the vasa recta (Vr,Iv,Av,Iv,Sv,Rv,Ivc)

A

vasa recta, interlobular vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, segmental vein, renal vein, and inferior vena cava

63
Q

T/F Vasa recta and peritubular capillaries can feed into the interlobular vein⭐️

A

True

64
Q

Name the 3 pressures that are needed for filtration to occur from highest to lowest pressure (Gcp,Bcop,Chp)

A

glomerular capillary pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure, and capsule hydrostatic pressure

65
Q

For blood colloid osmotic pressure, the pressure is caused by proteins in the blood. What proteins are these?⭐️

A

Albumins

66
Q

How do you find filtration pressure (mm Hg)⭐️

A

GCP - CHP - BCOP

67
Q

What type of pressure is GCP?

A

Pushing pressure

68
Q

What type of pressure is BCOP?

A

Pulling pressure

69
Q

How do you find the renal blood flow rate?

A

cardiac output x renal fraction

70
Q

How do you find cardiac output

A

heartrate x stroke volume

71
Q

What is the average renal fraction

A

21%

72
Q

How do you find the glomerular filtration rate

A

renal plasma flow rate x filtration fraction

73
Q

What is the average filtration fraction

A

19%

74
Q

When the afferent arterioles are vasoconstricted, the blood flow into the glomerulus __, and the glomerular filtration rate __

A

decreases, decreases

75
Q

When the afferent arterioles are vasodilated, the blood flow into the glomerulus __, and the glomerular filtration rate __

A

increases, increases

76
Q

When the efferent arterioles are vasoconstricted, the blood flow into the glomerulus __, and the glomerular filtration rate __

A

decreases, increases

77
Q

When the efferent arterioles are vasodilated, the blood flow into the glomerulus __, and the glomerular filtration rate __

A

increases, decreases

78
Q

What is the workhorse of the nephron, and is the site of the greatest reabsorption

A

PCT

79
Q

99% of __ is reabsorbed in the PCT

A

Glucose

80
Q

When glucose persistently shows up in urine what issue arises

A

diabetes mellitus

81
Q

The Loop of Henle is what type of mechanism

A

Countercurrent mechanism

82
Q

Which part of the Loop of Henle is impermeable to water

A

Ascending LoH

83
Q

Which areas can reabsorb water when there are no hormones present(2)

A

PCT and Descending Loop of Henle

84
Q

Which areas can reabsorb water even when there are hormones present(4)

A

PCT, Loop of Henle, late DCT, and CD

85
Q

Which 2 hormones allow the late DCT and CD to reabsorb water

A

ADH and aldosterone

86
Q

What hormone is produced when atrial stretching occurs (BV/BP are high) (ANH)

A

atrial natriuretic hormone

87
Q

ANH inhibits __ so that atrial stretching and BV/BP decrease

A

Angiotensin II

88
Q

ANH inhibits __ and ADH which results in no water reabsorption in the late DCT and CD

A

Aldosterone

89
Q

T/F ADH and aldosterone can reabsorb free water⭐️

A

false, aldosterone must reabsorb sodium first before it can reabsorb water

90
Q

The urinary bladder has transitional epithelium that goes from stratified __ when empty to stratified __ when full

A

Cuboidal, squamous

91
Q

What makes up the trigone of the urinary bladder(3)

A

2 ureter openings
Urethral opening

92
Q

What 3 portions from proximal to distal make up the male urethra

A

prostatic urethra, (proximal)
membranous urethra,
penile (spongy) urethra (distal)

93
Q

Patient being stabilized…
ADH high or low?
What urine?

A

High
Concentrated

94
Q

What is another name for the urination process

A

micturition reflex

95
Q

T/F The LoH has high osmolality in the descending portion and low osmolality in the ascending portion

A

Trye

96
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found where

A

Cytoplasm of cell

97
Q

What fluid is found outside the cell in places like tissues, blood vessels, and synovial joints

A

extracellular fluid (ECF)

98
Q

T/F There is more ECF than ICF in the body

A

False, ICF is double more

99
Q

2 sphincters and muscle type

A

Internal Urinary S - Smooth
External Urinary S - skeletal

100
Q

ToF: FEMALE urethra is for urinary purposes only

A

True

101
Q

Diff: MALE urethra used for both Urinary and reproduction

A

True

102
Q

Diff: In females, urethra is one portion

A

True

103
Q

In the urinary system, Vitamin D is activated in…

A

Kidneys

104
Q

The renal artery gives rise to the…(artery)

A

Segmental artery

105
Q

T/F: The afferent arteriole gave rise to the peritubular capillaries.

A

False

106
Q

The foot processes of these are found wrapped around the glomerulus.

A

Podocytes

107
Q

The macula densa cells are located here

A

DCT

108
Q

T/F: As the afferent arteriole vasoconstricts, the blood flow increases to the glomerulus

A

False

109
Q

Reabsorption of glucose occurs here in the nephron.

A

PCT

110
Q

Aldosterone have an effect on this part of the nephron.

A

Collecting duct

111
Q

This type of epithelium is found in the urinary bladder

A

Transitional epithelium

112
Q

Aldosterone is produced here

A

Adrenal gland

113
Q

The penile is located at

A

Corpus spongiosum

114
Q

The glans penis is part of this

A

Corpus spongiosum

115
Q

The ejaculatory gland is located here

A

Prostate gland

116
Q

Sperm cells are produced here

A

Seminiferous tubule

Anatomy 151 (12 decks)

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