Ch. 26 Urinary System Flashcards
Functions of Urinary System(4)⭐️
-Excretes waste products
-Kidneys filters blood to remove nitrogenous waste from urine
-Urine consists of excess water, excess ions, metabolic wastes & urea
-Regulation of extracellular fluid pH by secreting H+.
What does Urinary System regulate(2)⭐️
-Regulation of Red blood cell synthesis by secreting Erythropoietin.
-Regulation of Vitamin D synthesis to help regulate blood Ca2+ levels.
T/F Erythropoietin is produced in red bone marrow⭐️
False, in kidneys
Overall functions of Urinary System(KUUbU)⭐️
-Kidneys: produces urine
-Ureter: transport urine from the
kidney to the urinary bladder(tube)
-Urinary bladder: store urine in the
body
-Urethra: release urine out of the
body
Shape & Location of the kidneys⭐️
Retroperitoneal bean-shaped organs, found behind the peritoneum region. Left kidney is higher than right
Why is right kidney lower than left kidney?⭐️
Because of the liver, right kidney is pushed down
Where do the nitrogenous waste products in urine come from⭐️
Protein
ToF: Once urine is drained from kidney, the contents of the urine CAN be altered
False
Location & shape of Urinary Bladder⭐️
hollow muscular organ located in pelvic cavity
Vitamin D is initiated in the __ of the integumentary system, travels to the liver of the __ system, and becomes activated by the __ in the __ system
skin, digestive, kidneys, urinary
2 structures that ENTER renal hilum⭐️
Renal artery
Renal nerve
2 structures that EXIT renal hilum⭐️
Ureter
Renal vein
What engulfs the renal capsule and provides cushioning(t)⭐️
Adipose tissue
What is on the superior aspect of the kidneys⭐️
Adrenal(suprarenal) glands
What lies deep to the renal capsule
Renal cortex
What lies deep to the renal cortex
Renal medulla
What is the most basic path of urine (4)
Kidneys, ureter, Urinary bladder, then urethra
What is formed by the merging of the major calyces?
Renal pelvis
2 Calyces (Minor & Major)
• Minor calyx: Papillae extend into funnel of
minor calyx.
• Major calyx: Converge to form renal pelvis.
What is the area between renal pyramids called (extends into medulla but made from cortical tissue)
Renal columns
What is the most basic functional unit of the kidney⭐️
Nephron
What is the first capillary network mentioned in class located in the renal corpuscle⭐️
Glomerulus
Which cells have several foot processes that wrap around the glomerulus?⭐️
Podocyte
What is the outermost structure of the renal corpuscle called?😭
Bowman’s Capsule
Which of the tubular structures continues right after the glomerulus?⭐️
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Blood vessel that drains blood INTO glomerulus(aa)⭐️
Afferent arteriole
Blood vessel that drains glomerulus⭐️
Efferent Arteriole
Space between glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule⭐️
Bowman’s space
1st capillary network⭐️
Glomerulus
What are the 4 parts of the Loop of Henle from proximal to distal⭐️
thick descending, ⬇️
thin descending, ⬇️
thin ascending, ⬆️
thick ascending⬆️
Which tubule continues after the Loop of Henle⭐️
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
What tubule is located between the DCT and minor calyx⭐️
Collecting duct (CD)
What is the more complex path of urine produced by the nephron (11)
renal corpuscle (glomerulus), proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
In the kidney, where is the renal corpuscle located
Cortex
Where is the Loop of Henle (all 4 parts) located
Medulla
Where is the PCT & DCT located
Cortex
Where is the CD located
Medulla
Once the kidneys start filtration, the fluid becomes and stays filtrate until it becomes urine where?
after exiting the collecting duct
Which blood vessel sends blood into the glomerulus
Afferent Arterioles
Which blood vessel has blood exiting the glomerulus
Efferent Arterioles
What is the second capillary network mentioned in class (formed from the efferent arterioles wrapping around the whole nephron)?
peritubular capillaries
T/F Afferent arterioles will give rise to the peritubular capillaries directly
False, efferent will
What do afferent arterioles give rise to directly
Glomerulus
Which nephrons have shorter Loops of Henle
Cortical nephrons
Which nephrons have longer Loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla
Juxtamedullary nephrons
What is the first process of urine formation that starts in the renal corpuscle⭐️
Filtration @ renal corpuscle
What is the second process of urine formation that follows the tubular network but moves back into the peritubular capillaries⭐️
Tubular reabsorption
What is the third process of urine formation that follows the peritubular capillaries and moves into the tubular network
Tubular secretion
What are the cells around afferent arterioles?
juxtaglomerular cells
The 2 renal tubular structures that do not occur in renal corpuscle?⭐️
Tubular secretion and tubular reabsorption
What is the function of juxtaglomerular cells⭐️
Produces renin
What is the funtion of mascula densa cells?(o)⭐️
Detects osmolality (concentration of solutes in a solution)
• Increase in osmolality: Na+ increase; volume decrease
• Decrease in osmolality: Na+ decrease; volume increase
Which cells are found in the DCT⭐️
Macula densa cells
What ion is the most common solute found in the fluid portion at the DCT?
Na / Sodium
An increase in osmolality is associated with what⭐️
dehydration and decreased blood volume and blood pressure
A decrease in osmolality is associated with what(water)
Over hydration
T/F Macula densa cells detect decreased levels of BP and BV, and juxtaglomerular cells solve that problem⭐️
True
What is fluid formed as a result of filtration called
Filtrate
What are the window-like openings in the glomerular capillary endothelial cells that form the filtration membrane
Femestrae
What is the path of blood flow into the kidneys coming from the abdominal aorta (RaSaIaAaIaAaGEaPcVr)⭐️
renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, interlobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, and vasa recta
What is another name for interlobular artery(CRA)
cortical radiate artery
What is the path of blood flow out of the kidneys starting from the vasa recta (Vr,Iv,Av,Iv,Sv,Rv,Ivc)
vasa recta, interlobular vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, segmental vein, renal vein, and inferior vena cava
T/F Vasa recta and peritubular capillaries can feed into the interlobular vein⭐️
True
Name the 3 pressures that are needed for filtration to occur from highest to lowest pressure (Gcp,Bcop,Chp)
glomerular capillary pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure, and capsule hydrostatic pressure
For blood colloid osmotic pressure, the pressure is caused by proteins in the blood. What proteins are these?⭐️
Albumins
How do you find filtration pressure (mm Hg)⭐️
GCP - CHP - BCOP
What type of pressure is GCP?
Pushing pressure
What type of pressure is BCOP?
Pulling pressure
How do you find the renal blood flow rate?
cardiac output x renal fraction
How do you find cardiac output
heartrate x stroke volume
What is the average renal fraction
21%
How do you find the glomerular filtration rate
renal plasma flow rate x filtration fraction
What is the average filtration fraction
19%
When the afferent arterioles are vasoconstricted, the blood flow into the glomerulus __, and the glomerular filtration rate __
decreases, decreases
When the afferent arterioles are vasodilated, the blood flow into the glomerulus __, and the glomerular filtration rate __
increases, increases
When the efferent arterioles are vasoconstricted, the blood flow into the glomerulus __, and the glomerular filtration rate __
decreases, increases
When the efferent arterioles are vasodilated, the blood flow into the glomerulus __, and the glomerular filtration rate __
increases, decreases
What is the workhorse of the nephron, and is the site of the greatest reabsorption
PCT
99% of __ is reabsorbed in the PCT
Glucose
When glucose persistently shows up in urine what issue arises
diabetes mellitus
The Loop of Henle is what type of mechanism
Countercurrent mechanism
Which part of the Loop of Henle is impermeable to water
Ascending LoH
Which areas can reabsorb water when there are no hormones present(2)
PCT and Descending Loop of Henle
Which areas can reabsorb water even when there are hormones present(4)
PCT, Loop of Henle, late DCT, and CD
Which 2 hormones allow the late DCT and CD to reabsorb water
ADH and aldosterone
What hormone is produced when atrial stretching occurs (BV/BP are high) (ANH)
atrial natriuretic hormone
ANH inhibits __ so that atrial stretching and BV/BP decrease
Angiotensin II
ANH inhibits __ and ADH which results in no water reabsorption in the late DCT and CD
Aldosterone
T/F ADH and aldosterone can reabsorb free water⭐️
false, aldosterone must reabsorb sodium first before it can reabsorb water
The urinary bladder has transitional epithelium that goes from stratified __ when empty to stratified __ when full
Cuboidal, squamous
What makes up the trigone of the urinary bladder(3)
2 ureter openings
Urethral opening
What 3 portions from proximal to distal make up the male urethra
prostatic urethra, (proximal)
membranous urethra,
penile (spongy) urethra (distal)
Patient being stabilized…
ADH high or low?
What urine?
High
Concentrated
What is another name for the urination process
micturition reflex
T/F The LoH has high osmolality in the descending portion and low osmolality in the ascending portion
Trye
Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found where
Cytoplasm of cell
What fluid is found outside the cell in places like tissues, blood vessels, and synovial joints
extracellular fluid (ECF)
T/F There is more ECF than ICF in the body
False, ICF is double more
2 sphincters and muscle type
Internal Urinary S - Smooth
External Urinary S - skeletal
ToF: FEMALE urethra is for urinary purposes only
True
Diff: MALE urethra used for both Urinary and reproduction
True
Diff: In females, urethra is one portion
True
In the urinary system, Vitamin D is activated in…
Kidneys
The renal artery gives rise to the…(artery)
Segmental artery
T/F: The afferent arteriole gave rise to the peritubular capillaries.
False
The foot processes of these are found wrapped around the glomerulus.
Podocytes
The macula densa cells are located here
DCT
T/F: As the afferent arteriole vasoconstricts, the blood flow increases to the glomerulus
False
Reabsorption of glucose occurs here in the nephron.
PCT
Aldosterone have an effect on this part of the nephron.
Collecting duct
This type of epithelium is found in the urinary bladder
Transitional epithelium
Aldosterone is produced here
Adrenal gland
The penile is located at
Corpus spongiosum
The glans penis is part of this
Corpus spongiosum
The ejaculatory gland is located here
Prostate gland
Sperm cells are produced here
Seminiferous tubule
