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540 Jarvis > Ch 25 Neuro > Flashcards

Ch 25 Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 lobes and function of the cerebral cortex

A

Frontal lobe: personality, behaviour, emotions, intellectual function

Parietal lobe: postcentral gyrus for sensation

Occipital lobe: visual reception

Temporal lobe: auditory reception

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2
Q

Wernicke’s area is located in ____ lobe and associated with ______

A

temporal lobe

language comprehension

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3
Q

Broca’s area is located in ____ and associated with ____

A

frontal lobe
motor speech
(damage causes expressive aphasia)

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4
Q

The ______ controls temperature, heart rate, BP, regulates sleep, controls autonomic nervous system and emotional state.

The ______ controls motor coordination of voluntary movement, equilibrium and muscle tone.

The ______ is where sensory pathways of the spinal cord and brain stem synapse.

A

hypothalamus - control station

cerebellum - motor coordination and equilibrium

thalamus - sensory pathways

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5
Q

Brain stem has 3 areas:
_______ merges into thalamus and hypothalamus, has many motor neurons and tracts
_______ contains ascending and descending fibres
_______ is continuation of spinal cord in brain, has vital autonomic centres and nuclei for CN VIII to XII

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

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6
Q

Pyramidal decussation of motor fibres occurs at ______

A

Medulla

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7
Q

_________ contains sensory fibres that transmit sensation of pain, temperature, crude/light touch.

A

spinothalamic

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8
Q

Fibres carrying pain and temperature sensations ascend ______ spinothalamic tract

Fibres carrying crude touch ascend ______ spinothalamaic tract

A

lateral

anterior

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9
Q

The ________ column carries fibres conducting proprioception, vibration and fine touch (stereognosis)

A

posterior (dorsal) column

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10
Q

Motor neurons in pyramidal tract (corticospinal) mediate ________ movement

A

voluntary movement

  • very fine eg writing
  • skilled and purposeful
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11
Q

Extrapyramidal tract motor fibres maintain _____ and control _____

A

maintain muscle tone, control body movements (eg walking)

-more primitive motor system

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12
Q

Upper motor neurons are located _______

eg

A

completely in CNS
-eg corticospinal, corticobulbar, extrapyramidal tract
eg MS, CVA, cerebral paly

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13
Q

Lower motor neurons are located _______

eg

A

mostly in PNS
-cell body in anterior spinal cord but nerve fibre extends to muscle
eg cranial nerves, spinal nerves
eg spinal cord lesions, poliomyelitis, ALS

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of reflexes? examples?

A
  • DTR eg patellar
  • superficial eg corneal, abdominal
  • visceral eg pupillary response to light/accommodation
  • pathological eg Babinski
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15
Q

The 12 pairs of CN supply primarily ____ and ____ except vagus nerve which supplies ______

A

majority head and neck

vagus nerve: heart, resp muscles, stomach, gallbladder (think vagus = vagabond)

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16
Q

Sensory afferent fibres enter spinal cord through ____ roots

Motor efferent fibres exit spinal cord through ____ roots

A

Sensory afferent: posterior (dorsal)

Motor efferent: anterior (ventral)

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17
Q

Dermatomes

Thumb, middle finger, fifth finger: 
Axilla:
Nipple:
Umbilicus:
Groin:
Knee:
A

Dermatomes

Thumb, middle finder, fifth finger:  C6, 7, 8
Axilla: T1
Nipple: T4
Umbilicus: T10
Groin: L1
Knee: L4
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18
Q

Syncope is sudden _______ caused by _____

A

sudden loss of strength, temp loss of consciousness

caused by lack of cerebral blood flow

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19
Q

True vertigo is sensation of _____ caused by _______

A

sensation of rotational spinning

caused by neurological disease in vestibular apparatus in ear or vestibular nuclei in brain stem

20
Q

Paresis is _____

Paralysis is _____

A

Paresis: weakness of voluntary movements
Paralysis: loss of motor function due to lesion in neurological/muscular system or loss of sensory innervation

21
Q

Dysmetria is inability to ______

A

control ROM of muscles

22
Q

Dysarthria is difficulty with ______

A

forming words

aphasia = difficulty with language comprehension/expression

23
Q

What is the sequence of order for complete neuro exam?

A 
MH
cranial nerves
motor
sensory
reflexes
24
Q

CN II optic nerve is tested by:

A

visual acuity
visual fields by confrontation
fundoscopy

25
Q

CN III, IV and VI is tested by:

A

PERRLA
EOM
nystagmus

26
Q

CN V trigeminal nerve is tested by:

what are the 3 branches?

A

Motor: clench teeth, separate jaw
sensory: light touch to 3 areas, corneal reflex

V1: ophthalmic
V2: maxillary
V3: mandibular

27
Q

Corneal reflex tests ____ and _____

A

sensory afferent CN V

motor efferent CN VII

28
Q

CN VII facial nerve is tested by:

A

motor: make faces - also against resistance
sensory: not routine, taste

29
Q

CN VIII auditory nerve is tested by:

A

whisper test

Weber, Rinne

30
Q

CN IX and X is tested by:

A

motor: ahhhh, gag reflex
sensory: not routine, taste posterior third

31
Q

CN XI spinal accessory nerve is tested by:

A

sternomastoid and trapezius muscle

  • rotate against resistance
  • shrug shoulders
32
Q

CN XII hypoglossal nerve is tested by:

A
  • tongue

- light tight dynamite

33
Q

How do you test posterior column tract?

A
  • vibration
  • position
  • stereognosis, graphesthesia, two point discrimination for fine tactile touch
34
Q

What is extinction?

A

ability to recognize two simultaneous stimuli

-sensory cortex lesion will “extinguish” stimulus on side opposite lesion

35
Q

Define clonus

Hyperreflexia occurs with ____ motor neuron lesions

Hyporeflexia occurs with ____ motor neuron lesions

A

-rapid rhythmic contractions of same muscle

Hyperreflexia: upper
Hyporeflexia: lower

36
Q

Spinal nerves:

  • biceps reflex
  • triceps reflex
  • brachioradialis reflex:
  • patellar reflex
  • ankle reflex
A

biceps: C5-6
triceps: C7-8
brachioradialis: C5-6
patellar: L2-L4
ankle: L5 - S2

37
Q

Superficial cutaneous reflexes are absent with diseases of ____ tract

Abdominal reflexes:
tests spinal nerves _____ (upper) _____ (lower)

cremasteric reflex:
tests spinal nerves ____

plantar reflex:
tests spinal nerves _____

A

superficial: absent with pyramidal tract

upper: T8-T10
lower: T0-T12

cremasteric: L1-L2 (elevation of ipsilateral testicle)
plantar: L4-S2

38
Q

Define and give example of cause

  • flaccidity
  • spasticity
  • ridigity
A

flaccidity: decreased muscle tone, muscle is soft and flabby, weak eg LMN injury
spasticity: increased muscle tone, clasp knife (increased resistance then suddenly gives way) eg UMN injury
rigidity: constant state of resistance (lead pipe) to passive movement in any direction eg extrapyramidal motor tract injury

39
Q

Intention tremor is ____ with voluntary movement.

Resting tremor ______ with voluntary movement

A

Intention: worse

Resting: partly/completely disappears

40
Q

_____ is sudden, rapid, jerky purposeless movement, irregular - accentuated with voluntary movement

____ is slow writhing twisting continuous movement

A

Chorea

Athetosis

41
Q

Hemiplegia occurs from damage to ______ tract.

______ motor neuron damage occurs _____ pyramidal decussation so motor impairment is on ____ side

A

damage to corticospinal tract

  • upper motor neuron damage
  • above pyramidal decussation
  • motor impairment on contralateral side
42
Q

What function is affected by:

  • dysphonia
  • dysarthria
  • aphasia
A

dysphonia: voice (articulation intact) - speaking
dysarthria: articulation (language intact) - saying
aphasia: language comprehension and expression - understanding

43
Q

Broca’s aphasia is _____ aphasia.

Able to ____ but cannot _____

A

expressive
can understand, cannot express with language

repetition and reading aloud is impaired
listening/reading comprehension intact

44
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia is _____ aphasia

Able to ____ abut cannot _______

A

receptive
can speak but cannot relate them to previous experiences

speech is fluent, effortless but doesn’t make sense
repetition, reading, writing impaired

45
Q

Reflex arc:

Tapping the tendon stretches ______ in muscle to activates _____ nerve —-> signal travels through ____ root into spinal cord.

At the spinal cord, they synapse with motor neuron in ____ horn

Motor efferent fibres leave via ____ root and travel to muscle

A

muscles spindles

sensory afferent nerve –> dorsal root –> synapse at anterior horn –> motor efferent fibres leave via ventral root –> muscle

540 Jarvis (21 decks)

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