CH. 23 ENDOCRINE EMERGENCIES Flashcards
acute adrenal insufficiency
addisonian crisis
the outer part of the adrenal glands that produces corticosteroids
adrenal cortex
paired glands located above the kidneys; each adrenal gland consists of an inner adrenal medulla and an adrenal cortex
adrenal glands
the inner part of the adrenal glands that produces catecholamines (epinephrines and norepinephrine)
adrenal medulla
hormone that targets the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol (a glucocorticoid)
adrenocorticosteroid hormone (ACTH)
molecules that bind to a cell’s receptor and trigger a response by that cell. Agonists produce some kind of action or biologic effect
agonists
hormone that stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium form the urine and excrete potassium by altering the osmotic gradient in the blood
aldosterone
male sex hormones that regulate body changes associated with sexual development including growth spurts deepening of voice growth of facial and pubic hair and muscle growth and strength
androgens
molecules that bind to a cells receptor and block the action of agonists. Hormone antagonists are widely used as drugs
antagonists
a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, ADH constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure also called vasopressin
ADH
the hormone secreted by the thyroid that helps maintain normal calcium levels in the blood
calcitonin
hormones produced by the adrenal medulla that assist the body in coping with physical and emotional stress by increasing the pulse and respiratory rates and blood pressure
catecholamines
inadequate production of cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal gland
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism, the balance of salt and water in the body, the immune system, and sexual function
corticosteroids
hormone that stimulates most body cells to increase their energy production
cortisol
condition caused by an excess of cortisol production by the adrenal glands or by an excessive use of cortisol or other similar corticosteroid hormones
cushing syndromea
disease characterized by the body’s inability to metabolize glucose.
diabetes mellitus
a form of acidosis in uncontrolled diabetes in which certain acids accumulate when insulin is not available
diabetes ketoacidosis
an excessive level of lipids circulating in the blood increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease
dyslipidemia
glands that secrete or release chemicals that are used inside the body. Endocrine glands lack ducts or release hormones directly into the surrounding tissue and blood
endocrine glands
hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that plays a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system
epinephrine
one of the three major female hormones that brings about secondary sex characteristics during puberty.
estrogen
glands that excrete chemicals for elimination
exocrine glands
protrusion of the eyes from the normal position within the socket
exophthalmos
diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before pregnancy
gestational diabetes
cells or organs that selectively remove concentrate or alter materials in the blood and then secrete them back into the body
glands
hormone produced by the pancreas that is vital to the control of the body’s metabolism and blood glucose level and is stimulated to be released by the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low
glucagon
a visible mass in the anterior part of the neck caused by enlargement of the thyroid gland
goiter
the reproductive glands and the main source of sex hormones
gonads
an autoimmune disorder that causes thyroid gland hypertrophy and severe hyperthyroidism
graves disease
a type of hyperthyroidism in which the thyroid gland becomes enlarged as it is infiltrated by the T lymphocytes and plasma cells
hashimoto disease
a type of T lymphocytes that is involved in both cell mediated and antibody mediated immune responses and the cells secrete cytokines that stimulate the B cells and other T cells
helper T cells
a tendency to constancy or stability in the body’s internal environment
homeostasis
chemicals secreted by the body that regulate many body functions, such as growth, reproduction, temperature, metabolism, and blood pressure
hormones
abnormally high blood glucose level
hyperglycemia
also known as hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HONK), HHNC is a metabolic derangement that occurs principally in patients with type 2 diabetes. The condition is characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and an absence of significant ketosis
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC) or HONK
abnormally low blood glucose level
hypoglycemia
a small region of the brain that contains several control centers for the body functions and emotions. It is the primary link between the endocrine system and the nervous system
hypothalamus
a group of congenital conditions that cause either accumulation of toxins or disorders of energy metabolism in the neonate. These conditions are characterized by an infant’s failure to thrive and by vague signs such as poor feeding
inborn errors of metabolism (IEM)
hormone produced by the pancreas that is vital to the control of the body’s metabolism and blood glucose level. Insulin causes sugar, fatty acids, and amino acids to be taken up and metabolized by cells
insulin
condition in which the pancreas produces enough insulin but the body cannot effectively use it
insulin resistance
an essential element in the diet and an important component of thyroxine. Without the proper level of iodine intake, thyroxine cannot be produced, and physical and mental growth are diminished
iodine
tissue anoxia from diminished blood flow to tissue, usually caused by narrowing or occlusion of the artery
ischemia
a specialized group of cells in the pancreas where insulin and glucagon are produced
islets of Langerhans
Cytotoxic T cells that attack and phagocytize antigens in order to halt their reproduction
killer T cells
the metabolism (breakdown or destruction) of stored fat that has been released into the circulation
lipolysis
hormone that regulates the production of both eggs and sperm, as well as production of reproductive hormones
LH
white blood cells that assist the lymphatic system with immunity
lymphocytes
cytokines released by lymphocytes including many of the interleukins gamma interferon tumor necrosis factor beta and chemokines
lymphokines
microscopic deterioration of vessel walls caused primarily by adherence of blood lipids to vessel walls
microangiopathy
a rare condition that can occur in patients who have severe untreated hypothyroidism
myxedema coma
tissue death usually caused by a cessation of blood supply
necrosis
hormone produced by the adrenal glands that is vital in function of the sympathetic nervous system
norepinephrine
female gonads when ovaries release eggs and secrete the female hormones
ovaries
the digestive gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. the pancreas is considered both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland
pancreas
the inadequate production or absence of the pituitary hormones, including ACTH, cortisol, thyroxine, LH, FSH, estrogen, testosterone, growth hormone, and ADH
panhypopituitarism
a hormone secreted by the parathyroids that acts as an antagonist to calcitonin. PTH is secreted when calcium blood levels are low
PTH
a tumor of the adrenal gland usually in the medulla, that causes excessive release of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine
pheochromocytoma
a gland in the brain that synthesizes and secretes melatonin, a hormone that affects patterns of sleep and wakefulness
pineal gland
gland whose secretions control or regulate the secretions of other endocrine glands. Often called the master gland
pituitary gland
an orange peel appearance and non pitting edema of the skin on the anterior part of the leg below the knee
pretibial myxedema
also known as addison disease which is a rare condition in which the adrenal glands produce an insufficient amount of adrenal hormones
primary adrenal insufficiency
one of three major female hormones
progesterone
a common condition characterized by a lack of ACTH secretion from the pituitary gland
secondary adrenal insufficiency
an unusual waveform that has a repetitive uniform see saw pattern representing an alternating current; also known as a sinusoidal waveform
sine wave
a hormone that inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion by the pancreas
somatostatin
lymphocytes that modulate the immune response to avoid injury to body systems
suppressor T cells
tissues on which hormones are directed to act
target tissues
male gonads located in the scrotum that produce hormones called androgens
testes
the most important androgen in men
testosterone
a gland that helps the immune system identify and destroy components foreign to the body
thymus gland
large gland located at the base of the neck that produces and excretes hormones that influence growth, development, and metabolism
thyroid
hormone that controls the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland
TSH
a rare life threatening condition that may occur in patients with thyrotoxicosis. The condition is usually triggered by a stressful event or increased volume of thyroid hormones in the circulation
thyroid storm
a toxic condition caused by excessive levels of circulating thyroid hormone
thyrotoxicosis
the body’s major metabolic hormone. Thyroxine stimulates energy production in cells, which increases the rate at which the cells consume oxygen and use carbohydrates fats and proteins
thyroxine
starts in childhood and requires daily injections of supplement synthetic insulin to control blood glucose
type 1 diabetes
starts later in life and often can be controlled through diet and oral medications
type 2 diabetes
