CH. 21 GENITOURINARY AND RENAL EMERGENCY Flashcards
a sudden decrease in filtration through the glomeruli
acute renal failure (ARE)
triangular paired structures located on top of the kidneys that produce essential hormones to help regulate body processes
adrenal glands
the structure in the kidney that supplies blood to the glomerulus
afferent arteriole
the presence of air in the venous circulation, which forms a gas bubble that can block the outflow of blood from the right ventricle to the lung; can lead to cardiac arrest, shock, or other life-threatening complications
air embolism
one of the two main hormones responsible for adjustments to the final composition of urine, aldosterone increases the rate of active reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions into the blood and decreases reabsorption of potassium
aldosterone
one of the two main hormones responsible for adjustments to the final composition of urine. ADH causes ducts in the kidney to become more permeable to water
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
a complete cessation of urine production
anuria
increased nitrogenous wastes in the blood
azotemia
age related nonmalignant (noncancerous) enlargement of the prostate gland
benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH)
large urinary tubes that branch off the renal pelvis and connect with the renal pyramids to collect the urine draining from the collecting tubules
calyces (singular; calyx)
progressive and irreversible inadequate kidney function caused by the permanent loss of nephrons
chronic renal failure (CRF)
part of the internal anatomy of the kidney; the lighter colored outer region closer to the capsule
cortex
the process by which the body produces either concentrated or diluted urine, depending on the body’s needs
countercurrent multiplier
a condition characterized by nausea, vomiting, headache, confusion which results when water initially shifts from the bloodstream into the CSF increasing intracranial pressure
disequilibration syndrome
connects with the kidney’s collecting tubules
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
chemicals that increase urinary output
diuretics
the structure in the kidney where blood drains from the glomerulus
efferent arteriole
a condition in which the kidneys have lost all ability o function, and toxic waste material build up in the patient’s blood; occurs after acute or chronic renal failure
end stage renal disease (ESRD)
an infection that causes inflammation of the epididymis along the posterior border of the testis; a possible complication of male urinary tract infection
epididymis
a condition that results from bacteria entering a laceration to the scrotum or perineum, causing infection and subsequent necrosis of the subcutaneal tissue and muscle in the scrotum
fournier gangrene
a double layered cup with the inner layer infiltrating and surrounding the capillaries of the glomerulus
glomerular capsule (Bowman’s)
the rate at which blood is filtered through the glomeruli
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
a tuft of capillaries located in the kidney that serves as the main filter of the blood in the kidney
glomerulus
the presence of blood in the urine
hematuria
a cleft where the ureters, renal blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave the kidney
hilus
internal shunt
called an arteriovenous (AV) fistula that is an artificial connection between a vein and artery usually in the forearm or upper arm
a chronic inflammation of the interstitial cells surrounding the nephrons
interstitial nephritis
a type of acute renal failure characterized by the damage in the kidney itself, caused by immune mediated disease, pre renal ARF, toxins, heavy metals, some medications or some organic compounds
infrarenal acute renal failure (IARF)
a structure formed at the site where the efferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule meet
juxtaglomerular apparatus
solid, bean shaped organs housed in the retroperitoneal space that filter blood and excrete body wastes in the form of urine
kidneys
solid crystalline masses formed in the kidney, resulting from an excess of insoluble salts or uric acid crystallizing in the urine; may become trapped anywhere along the urinary tract
kidney stones
the U-shaped portion of the renal tubule that extends from the proximal to the distal convoluted tubule; concentrates the filtrate and converts it to urine
loop of henle
part of the internal anatomy of the kidney; the middle layer
medulla
a spinal reflex that causes contractions of the bladder’s smooth muscle, producing the urge to void as pressure is exerted on the internal urinary sphincter
micturition reflex
the structural and functional units of the kidney that form urine; composed of the glomerulus, the glomerular capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and the distal convoluted tubule
nephrons
urine output of less than 500 ml/day
oliguria
a complication of a male urinary tract infection in which one or both testes become infected, enlarged, and tender, causing pain and swirling in the scrotum
orchitis
a condition that results when the foreskin is retracted over the glans penis and becomes entrapped; constriction of the glans causes it to swell even further
paraphimosis
a set of capillaries unique to the kidney that branch off form the efferent arteriole; the site of tubular reabsorption
peritubular capillaries
inability to retract the distal foreskin over the glans penis
phimosis
special cells in the inner membrane of the glomerulus that wrap around the capillaries in the glomerulus forming filtration slits
podocytes
a type of acute renal failure caused by obstruction of urine flow from the kidneys, commonly caused a blockage of the urethra by an enlarged prostate gland, renal calculi or strictures
post renal ARF
a painful, tender persistent erection of the penis that can result from spinal cord injury. erectile dysfunction drugs, or sickle cell disease
priaprism
one of the two complex sections of the nephron, the PCT includes an enlargement at the end called the glomerular capsule
proximal convoluted capsule (PCT)
inflammation of the kidney lining
pyelonephritis
paint that originates in one area of the body but is perceived as coming from a different area of the body
referred pain
inward extensions of cortical tissues that surround the renal pyramids
renal columns
a technique for filtering the blood of its toxic wastes, removing excess fluids, and restoring the normal balance of electrolytes
renal dialysis
dense, fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney to the abdominal wall
renal fascia
part of the internal anatomy of the kidney; a flat, funnel shaped tube filling the sinus at the level of the hilus
renal pelvis
parallel cone shaped bundles of urine collecting tubules that are located in the medulla of the kidneys
renal pyramids
a hormone produced by cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus when the blood pressure is low
renin
twisting of the testicle on the spermatic cord, from which it is suspended; associated with scrotal pain and swelling and is a medical emergency
testicular torsion
the presence of excessive amounts of urea and other waste products in the blood
uremia
a powdery buildup of uric acid especially on the skin of the face
uremic fossa
a pair of thick walled, hollow tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder
ureters
a hollow tubular structure that drains urine form the bladder expelling it from the body
urethra
a hollow muscular sac in the midline of the lower abdominal area that stores urine until it is released form the body
urinary bladder
the inability to control the release of urine from the bladder; loss of bladder control
urinary incontinence
incomplete emptying of the bladder or a complete lack of ability to empty the bladder
urinary retention
infections of the lower urinary tract like the urethra and the bladder that occur when normal flora (bacterial that populate the skin) enter the urethra and multiply
urinary tract infections (UTI)
liquid waste products filtered out of the body by the urinary system
urine
a series of peritubular capillaries that surround the loop of hence, into which water moves after passing through the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of henle
vasa recta
crampy, aching pain deep within the body that is the source of which is hard to pinpoint and common with genitourinary problems
visceral pain
