Ch. 2.2 The Enlightenment

Question 1

philosophe

Answer 1

leaders of the intellectual movement (Enlightenment)

Question 2

deism

Answer 2

“religion” based on reason and natural law. God created universe but did not interfere with it

Question 3

separation of powers

Answer 3

executive, legislative, and judiciary branches placed limits and controls on each other (system of checks and balances)

Question 4

social contract

Answer 4

agreement among whole society to be governed by general will

Question 5

laissez-faire

Answer 5

“to let do”. state should not interfere with the economy

Question 6

salon

Answer 6

elegant rooms of wealthy upper class’s houses. discussed Enlightenment ideas - brought different classes together

Question 7

(a) evidence

Answer 7

“Newton’s discoveries in math and astronomy showed EVIDENCE that the physical universe followed regular natural laws.”

Question 8

(a) affect

Answer 8

“This experience AFFECTED Voltaire deeply.”

Question 9

(a) concept

Answer 9

“It was in America that Montesquieu’s CONCEPT of separation of powers made a contribution.”

Question 10

(p) Isaac Newton

Answer 10

Englishman. made many discoveries in math and astronomy.

Question 11

(p) Voltaire

Answer 11

Parisian. (greatest philosophe—arguably Voltaire or Locke). exiled to England after getting in clash with good background nobleman. wrote against France. opponent of Catholic Church. {Treatise on Toleration}. deist

Question 12

(p) Montesquieu

Answer 12

French nobleman. {The Spirit of the Laws} political scientist. (research: small states-republic, large-despotism, moderate-monarchies). study England’s gov’t and thought of separation of powers. wrong about England but checks and balances later applied to U.S.

Question 13

(p) Rousseau

Answer 13

French. poor middle-class. {Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind}—people enslaved by gov’t. {The Social Contract}—agreement among society, governed by general will. {Emile}—education should foster children’s instincts. balance between emotion and reason. thought women=lowly, fragile creatures

Question 14

(p) Adam Smith

Answer 14

Scotland. {The Wealth of Nations}—laissez-faire. argue supply and demand would naturally regulate economy. gov’t should: 1. protect society (army) 2. keep up public works (ex. road construction) 3. defend citizens from injustice (police)

Question 15

(p) Cesare Beccaria

Answer 15

{On Crimes and Punishments}—not helpful to use brutal punishments for criminals

Question 16

(p) Denis Diderot

Answer 16

{Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades}—help spread Enlightenment ideas

Question 17

(p) Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 17

English. founder of women’s rights movement. {A Vindication of the Rights of Woman}—women are equals

Question 18

(pl) Paris

Answer 18

capital city of France. Enlightenment centered here.

Question 19

(pl) London

Answer 19

capital of England. first daily newspapers printed here.