ch 20 Flashcards
define biotechnology
biotechnology means using living organisms to make substance that we want
why are bacteria and fungi used in biotechnology and genetic engeneering [4]
-they are very small ,easy to grow in labratory, reproduce very quickly
-no mind to what is done to bacteria and fungi , so no ethical issues arise
-bacteria can make compplex molecules
-bacteria have loops of DNA called plasmids , we can use plasmids for moving genes from one organism cells to another
how to use yeast fungus to make biofuels [3]
-the starch in maize is broken down by amylase to give glucose
-yeast is added to glucose to make anerobic respiration and produce ethanol and co2
-the ethanol is extracted by distillation used as bio fuel in veicheles
how is yeast fungus used to make bread [4]
-starch from flour is broken down by amylase enzyme to give glucose
-yeast is added to the glucose to make anerobic respiration and produce ethanol and co2
-ethanol evaporates by heat
-co2 males the dough rise up
main advantage of using a bio fuel [2]
-it is a sustainable resoursces , we can keep growing more maize to make more fuel
-it also helps to reduce the amount of co2 that we add to the atmosphere because the maize plants grown for the fuel take co2 from the air by photosynthesis
arguments against growing crops to make biofuels [2]
-these crops take up land that could be used to grow food for people
-using large quantities of maize puts up their prices making it more expensive for people
how is penicillium fungus used to produce penicillium antibiotics
-penicillium fungus is placed in a large steel vessel called fermenter then supplied with all optimum conditions , to feed , grow , multiply then secrete penicillum antibiotics
explain the optimum conditions for penicllum fungus to produce penicillum antibitoics
only secrets penicillin antibiotics when its exposed to stress conditions such as low glucose supply…1% glucose supply not more or less
how is the penicllum fungus optimum conditions provided in fermenter [2]
-glucose: supplied by feed stock
-oxygen: supplied by air tube for respiration
descrribe the mechanism of the fermenter [7]
-water jacket: for cooling to keep constant optimum temperature
-feedstock: contain glucose and amino acids used as raw materials for feeding bacteria
-stirrer: to mix contents to distribute heat
-air: to supply oxygen for respiration of bacteria
-constant rotation: so temp should be maintained (20 -30)
-waste gases: C02, water produced by respiration of bacteria
-wire: used for filtration of the product
how can fermenters be used [4]
-penicillin antibiotic
-insulin hormone
-washing powder enzumes
-mycroprotein (food)
why should air introduced in fermenter be sterile
to prevent introduction of bacteria and microbes to fermenter which may contaminate the product
how can the fermenter be sterilized [3]
-hot steam
-UV rays
-chemical antiseptics
function of probes(sensor) in fermenter
to monitor ph and temperature and oxygen concentration
how is pectinase enzyme used
-to extract fruit juices
-make the juice clear rather than cloudy
what is lactase enzyme
-lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose, the sugar found in milk to give glucose and galactose
why is lactase enzyme used
because some human babies dont produce lactase in their digestive systems to digest the lactose in milk to treat milk so people can drink lactose-free milk
how is lactase enzyme used
by immoblising it in beads
why are immobilised enzymes useful
-to not get mixed up in the product
-more stable, less affected by temp. and PH changes
-the beads used to immmobilise the enzymes can be reused many times
what are biological washing powders
washing powders that contain enzymes used to remove organic stains which cannot be removed by ordinary washing powders
examples of enzymes in biological washing powders and what they remove and how [2]
-lipase -> used to remove fat stains by breaking down the insoluble lipids into soluble fatty acids and glycerol that can be washed off my water
-protease -> can dissolve blood and egg yolk stain by dissolving the insoluble proteins into soluble amino acids that can be washed off my water
precautions when using biological washing powders
- do not use with boiling water , to avoid denaturing the enzymes (should use warm water)
advantages of biological washing powders
avoid damage of clothing that would happen from bioling and rubbing
suitable temp for biological washing powders wash
34c to 40c , optimum temp, maximum enzyme activity , best removal of stains
too low would inactivate
too high would denature
