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biology > ch 14 > Flashcards

ch 14 Flashcards

1
Q

2 branches of the human nervous system

A

-central
-peripheral

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2
Q

central nervous system is made up of

A

-brain
-spinal cord

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3
Q

function of brain

A

-control all activities

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4
Q

how is brain protected

A

by skull

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5
Q

how is spinal cord protected

A

by the vertebral column

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6
Q

function of spinal cord

A

control reflex actions

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7
Q

what s the peripheral nervous system made of

A

nerves

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8
Q

what is the basic unit of the nervous system

A

neurones

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9
Q

what does the neuron carry

A

nerve impulses

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10
Q

what are the 3 types of neurones

A

-sensory
-motor
-relay

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11
Q

steps of reflex action [5]

A

-receptors detect the stimulus
-the sensory neurons carry the nerve impulse from the receptor to the spinal cord
-the relay neurone carry the nerve impulse form sensory to motor
-motor neurone carry nerve impulses from spinal cord to effector
-effector, may be muscle or gland . it produces the response

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12
Q

define reflex action [4]

A

-it is the response of the body to stimilus
-it is sudden, automatic, inherited
-it has a protective role
-it is very rapid

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13
Q

define stimulus

A

change in external enviroment

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14
Q

what controls reflex actions below the neck

A

spinal cord

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15
Q

what controls reflex actions above the neck

A

brain

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16
Q

what is the nervous pathway of reflex action called

A

reflex arc

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17
Q

features of motor neurone [3]

A

-much dendrites
-long axon
-cell budy at end of axon

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18
Q

why does motor neurone have much dendrites

A

collect nerve impulses towards cell body

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19
Q

function of axon

A

carry nerve impulses away fro,m the cell body

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20
Q

function of mylein sheath

A

speeds up transmission of nerve impulses along the neurone

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21
Q

features of sensory neurone [3]

A

-one single dendron
-short axon
-cell body at side of axon

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22
Q

define synapse

A

a gap between two neurones

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23
Q

describe how the synapse works [4]

A

-a nerve impulse reaches the pre-synaptic neurone
-it cause the neuro-transmitter vesicles to move and fuse with the membrane
-neurotransmitters are released to the synaptic cleft and diffuse to bind to the receptors in post synaptic neurone with complementary shape
-this binding generates a nerve impulse in the post-synaptic neurone

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24
Q

how does the synapse arrangement ensure one way transmission [2]

A

-the neurotransmitters vesicles are only in the pre-synaptic neurone
-receptors only in post-synaptic neurone

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25
why is there mitochondria in the pre-synaptic neurone
because the release of neurotransmitter is an active process that needs energy , which the mitochondria supplies
26
define neurotransmitters
chemicals that transmit signals from one neurone to the next neurone
27
define neurotransmitter vesicles
the sac in which neurotransmitters are transported to the cell membrane
28
define antagonistic muscles
they are pairs of muscles which have opposite actions
29
what are the humours in the eye [2]
-aqueous humour -vitreous humour
30
function of aqueous humour
transparent fluid that supplies food to the cornea and lens
31
function of vitreous humour
jelly like transparent material , that support the retina and keep the eye shape so that eye doesn't collapse
32
muscles in eye [2]
-ciliary muscle -iris muscle
33
function of ciliary muscle
control the diameter of the lens
34
function of pupil
a pore that allows passage of light
35
function of iris muscle
control the diameter of pupil
36
lenses in the eye [2]
-cornea -lens
37
structure of lenses in the eye
they are both transparent
38
function of the lenses
they both bend (refract) light rays to fall on the retina
39
layers of eye [3]
-sclera -choroid -retina
40
function of sclera
protect the eye
41
function of choroid [2]
-contain blood vessels, supply the eye with food , oxygen and remove the waste products -contain dark pigment to prevent reflection of light inside the eye to form sharp image
42
function of retina
contain light receptors (rods and cones) which recieve light rays and form image
43
spots in eye [2]
-blind spot -yellow spot
44
compare blind spot and yellow spot [3]
-blind spot has no rods and no cones but yellow spot has no rods but has cones -blind spot has no vision but yellow spot has best vision -blind spot is not sensitive to light but yellow spot is most sensitive to light
45
compare rods and cones [7]
-rods are large in number while cones are small in number -rods are more concentrated at the periphery of the nerve but cones are more concentrated in the center of the retina -rods are absent in fovea but cones are conecentrated in fovea -rods are sensitive to dim light but cones are sensitive to bright light -rods are not sensitive to colors but cones are sensitive to colors -rods have less accurate vision and cones have more accurate vision -each group of rods share one nerve connection to brain but each cone has a seperate nerve connection to the brain
46
what are the 3 different kinds of cones sensitive to light
-red -green -blue
47
how to cones work
each kind of cone detect certain light color and send an electrical nerve impulse to the brain which sort out all the impulses and build a colored image
48
define sense organ
contain receptors that detect certian impulse
49
define pupil reflex
it is a reflex narrowing the pupil in response to bright light and dilates the pupil in response to dim light
50
importance of pupil reflex
protects the light receptors in the retina from being damaged by the excess light
51
describe pupil reflex in dim light [4]
-circular iris muscles relax -radial iris muscles contract -the pupil dilates -so more light enters the eye
52
describe pupil reflex in dim light [4]
-circular iris muscles contract -radial iris muscles relax -the pupil constricts -so less light enters the eye
53
define accomodation of light
ability of the eye to see near and far objects
54
how does acommodation happen for nearby objects [4]
-ciliary muscle contract -suspensory ligaments get loose -lens get thicker and fatter -light ray are bent more and fall on the retina
55
how does acommodation happen for far objects [4]
-ciliary muscle relax -suspensory ligaments get tight -lens get thinner and slimmer -light ray are bent less and fall on the retina
56
function of optic nerve
carry nerve impulses to the brain
57
function of ciliary body
controls the tension of the suspennsory ligaments
58
describe the mechanism of vision [6]
-light rays from an object enter the eye through the pupil -most of the rays are bent by the cornea to reach the lens -the lens focus the image on the retina (Fovea) -an image is formed on the fovea , it is smaller and inverted -light receptors in the retina are stimulated by light and send nerve impulses through the optic nerve to brain -in the brain, the image is corrected , to become upright with its real size
59
why do we have 2 eyes instead of 1
to have binocular vision (3D vision )
60
advantages of binocular vision (3D vision ) [3]
-allow bodied 3D vision where each eye form an image and send it to brain whuch fuse them together to form 3D image -allow wider field of vision -each eye cover the blind spot of the other
61
define hormones [4]
-protein molecule -secreted by endocrine gland -directly to the blood -carried by plasma to reach their target organ
62
where are excess hormones broken down
in the liver
63
where are spent hormones extreted
by the kidney with urine
64
where are most hormones secretions controlled
by pituitary gland
65
what is adrenaline hormone
it is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland in certian conditions to prepare the body for action
66
conditions where adrenaline is released
-fight -fright -flight
67
target organs of adrenaline [4]
-heart -lungs -liver -eyes
68
what action does adrenaline do to heart [2]and whats the advantage of that action
action: -increase heart rate -increase force of contraction of cardiac muscles adv.: to supply the active tissue with more blood, containing more glucose and oxygen to produce more energy
69
what action does adrenaline do to lungs [2]and whats the advantage of those actions [2]
action: -increases rate of breathing -increases depth of breathing adv: -to supply the active tissue with more oxygen, to produce more energy -to remove excess co2 produced by the respiration of the active tissue
70
what action does adrenaline do to liver and whats the advantage of that action
action: it increases blood glucose level by changing stored glycogen to glucose adv: to supply the active tissue with more glucose , to produce more energy
71
what action does adrenaline do to eyes and whats the advantage of that action
action: dilates, widen pupil adv: to increase the amount of light enteting for better vision
72
compare nervous and hormonal control [3]
-nervous control is by electrical messenger but hormonal is by chemical messenger -nervous control impulses are carried by nerves and hormonal control hormones are carried by blood -nervous control response is rapid and localized but hormonal control is slow and widespread
73
define drug
any substance taken into the body that affects chemical reactions in the body
74
define antibiotics [2]
-it is a chemical substance secreted by fungus to kill bacteria -used in treatment of infectious diseases
75
why can antibiotics only kill bacteria but not virus?
because virus doesn't have cell wall. virus needs antiviral drugs.
76
why should antibiotics not be used too much
to avoid development of mutant strains of bacteria which are resistant to antibiotics
77
describe the antibiotic sensitivity test
-get a petri dish with jelly agar -then put a disc of filter paper soaked in antibiotic -then check clear zone (area witrh no bacterial growth)
78
define clear zone
area showing no growth of bacteria due to diffusion of antibiotic from the disc of filter paper to the surronding so it kills the bacteria
79
why does fungus secrete antibiotic
because normally fungus and bacteria compete for decayed food
80
what does a wider clear zone indicate
that bacteria is more sensetive to that antibiotic
81
define sense organ
a group of receptor cells that respond to specific stimuli

biology (19 decks)

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