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ch 10 Flashcards

1
Q

function of atria

A

receive blood from veins

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2
Q

function of ventricles

A

pump blood in arteries

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3
Q

function of valve [2]

A

allow passage of the blood in one direction and prevent backflow

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4
Q

descrribe journey of the blood through the heart

A

de-oxygenated blood from all body tissue moves in vena cava to right atrium then passes the tricuspid valve then to right ventricle , its then pumped to the pulmonary artery to reachj the lungs and gets oxygenated. oxygenated blood then moves in pulmonary veins to left atrium then left ventrucle through the bicusipd valve then pumped to aorta to all body parts

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5
Q

function of septum

A

to prevent the mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood

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6
Q

why is called “closed double circulation” [2]

A

closed -> blood runs in a system of closed interconnected tubes
double -> because blood enters and leaves the heart twice in each circulation

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7
Q

why is the muscle wall of the ventricle thicker than the muscle wall of the atria

A

ventricles pump blood a longer distance than atria

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8
Q

why is the muscle wall of the left ventricle thicker than the muscle wall of the right ventricle

A

left ventricle pumps blood to all parts of the body (longer distance ) while right ventricle pumps blood only to lungs (shorter distance)

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9
Q

function of coronary artery

A

supply heart muscles with glucose and oxygen

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10
Q

function of coronary vein

A

remove waster products from the heart muscles

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11
Q

what is pressure of pulmonary circulation

A

low pressure circulation, blood is pumped to short distance (lungs)

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12
Q

what is pressure of systemic circulation

A

high pressure circulation, blood is pumped to long distance (all body parts)

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13
Q

define single circulation (happens in fish)

A

blood enters and leaves the heart once in each complete circulation

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14
Q

define double circulation (happens in mammals, birds and reptiles)

A

blood enters and leaves the heart twice in each one complete circulation

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15
Q

advantages of double circulation [4]

A

-keeps oxygenated blood separate from de-oxygenated blood
-enables blood to go to all body tissue at high pressure
-enables blood to go to lung at low pressure
-enables faster blood flow

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16
Q

what is the pacemaker (S.A node) [3]

A

-it is a patch of nerve tissue in the right atrium of the heart
-it releases nerve impulses that move along muscle wall of heart and make it contract
-the pace maker activity changes according to body needs

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17
Q

how to monitor heart activity (3 diff ways)

A

-by measuring the pulse rate (no. of heart beats per minute)
-by listening to heart sounds (lub-dup) using a stethoscope
-by E.C.G , measures the electrical activity of the heart

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18
Q

define pulse

A

the number of heart beats in one minute

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19
Q

normal pulse

A

70 bpm

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20
Q

why does pulse increases during exercise [3]

A

-to pump blood for more active muscles
-so deliver more blood glucose and oxygen
-more respiration and production of energy

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21
Q

why does pulse occur

A

due to pressure in artery created by heart beats

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22
Q

how is pulse felt

A

by pressing an artery against a bone in the hand , along the thumb pr any artery near the skin surface

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23
Q

define hypothesis

A

expected results of experiment

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24
Q

how heart attack occurs

A

-fatty substances from diet accumulate on the inner wall of the coronary artery to form atheroma , that blocks the blood flow to the heart, so less glucose and oxygen reaches the heart muscle so less heart contraction

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25
causes of heart attack [4]
-eating too much animal fats -smoking -mental stress -lack of exercise
26
how to prevent heart attack [4]
-avoid eating too much animal fats -avoid smoking -avoid mental stress -do regular exercise
27
risk factors for coronary heart disease [6]
-old age -male -smoker -obese, diet contains high salts and high animal fats, cholestrol and saturated fatty acids -mental stress -genetic family history of C.H.D
28
effect of exercise on heart at the start of exercise [5]
-during exercise adrenal gland secretes adrenaline hormone -the hormone passes to the blood to reach reach the heart -number of heart beats increase -increased force of contraction -to pump more and more blood to the active muscles in exercise
29
during exercise body muscles recieve more blood due to increases heart rate pumping more blood. how is more blood pumped? [3]
-muscle cells respiring more, take in more oxygen and release more CO2 -CO2 dissolve in blood, making it acidic and lowering the blood PH -Low PH of the blood is felt by the brain receptors, so brain send nerve impulses to the pace maker in heart to produce more nerve impulses , increasing heart rate and pumping more blood
30
function of artery [2]
-carry blood away from heart -carry oxygenated blood except : pulmonary artery and umbilical artery
31
how to identify an artery [4]
-thick wall -narrow lumen -circular cross section -no valves
32
why does artery have thick wall
to resist high pressure
33
why does artery have no valves
because the backflow of blood is prevented by high pressure
34
describe the blood flow in artery [2]
-rapid -blood moves by pump action od cardiac muscles
35
permiability of artery
not permeable
36
function of vein [2]
- carry blood to the heart ' -carry de-oxygenated blood except: pulmonary vein and umbilical vein
37
how to identify vein [4]
-thin wall -wide lumen -oval cross-section -has valves
38
why does vein have thin wall
because they have low pressure
39
describe the blood flow in veins [2]
-slow -blood moves by the contraction of skeletal muscles which squeeze the veins
40
permiability of veins
not permeable
41
function of capillary
carry blood from artery to vein (carries both oxyenated blood and de-oxygenated blood)
42
how to identify a capillary[4]
-very thin wall -narrow lumen -circular cross section -no valves
43
why does capillary have a very thin wall
to allow exchange of substances
44
blood pressure in capillary
moderate
45
describe the blood flow in capillary [2]
-very slow -to allow the exchange of substances
46
permiabiliy of capillary
permeable, to allow exchnage of substances
47
hoe are capillaries adapted to their function [4]
-thin wall (formed of one layer of cells) -permeable -slow blood flow -large surface area
48
how is the wall of the artery adapted to its function [2]
-the wall contains muscles, to with stand the high blood pressure and prevent the wall from rupturing -the wall contains elastic fibres, to stretch with the sudden gush/flow of blood then make elastic recoil to push the blood forward
49
what is blood made of
50% plasma and 50% cells
50
what is plasma made of
90% water and 10% dissolved substances (digested food and waste products)
51
function of plasma [3]
-transport CO2 from all tissue to lungs -transport digested food from small intestine to all tissues -transport urea from liver to kidney
52
what cells are present in blood [3]
- red blood cells -white blood cells -platelets
52
function of red blood cells
carry oxygen from lungs to all tissues
52
what is the only substance that isn't transported in plasma
oxygen, transported in red blood cell
52
why do people living in high altitude have more number of RBC
because at high altitude there is less oxygen in atmosphere, tissues lack oxygen so bone marrow forms more RBC
52
colour of de-oxygenated blood
dull red
52
compare RBC and WBC [4]
- RBC has no nucleus -RBC has HB -RBC is smaller -RBC has biconcave disc shape but WBC is spherical in shape
52
colour of oxygenated blood
bright red
52
function of phagocyte
make phagocytosis , phagocyte move towards bacteria, they surrond, engulf and digest the bacteria
52
function of white blood cells
immunity
52
types of WBC [2]
-lymphocyte -phagocyte
52
function of lymphocyte
produce antibodies that attack the bacteria by binding on its surface antigen
53
compare lymphocyte and phagocyte [2]
-lymphocyte is smaller in size -lymphocyte is less in number
53
how is number of WBC affected in a bacterial infection?
increases, to be able to kill bacteria and fight the disease
54
function of platelets
blood clotting
55
how does blood clotting occur [3]
-vitamin K and Ca++ turn the soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin -fibrin threads form mesh that fill the gap of the wound -this mesh traps RBC and platelets to form a blood clot
56
importance of blood clotting [2]
-prevent bleeding from the wound -prevent entry of bacteria to body
57
define pathogen
it is an organism that cause disease
58
define transmissible disease [2]
-it is a disease caused by pathogen -that can be transmitted from person to person or animal to person
59
define direct transmission
disease transmitted from infected person to non-infected person
60
define indirect transmission
disease transmitted form infected person to medium then to non-infected person
61
types of body defence barriers [3]
-mechanical barriers -chemical barriers -cells
62
2 examples of mechanical barriers
-nose: contain hairs that trap dust and bacteria preventing them from reaching the lungs -skin : has thick layer of keratin protein to prevent penetration of body by pathogen
63
2 examples of chemical barriers
-in respiratory system : the inner lining produce mucus that traps bacteria and prevent it from reaching lungs -in digestive system : HCL produced by stomach kills the bacteria in food
64
rules for food hygiene [4]
-cover the food, to avoid flies -wash the food, to remove microbes -fridge the food, to slow down bacterial growth -food cooker should wash hands before cooking and wear sterile uniform
65
rules for body hygiene [2]
-wash your skin regularly by soap -brush your teeth twice per day
66
how to control the spread of disease [5]
-food hygiene -body hygiene -clean water supply -sewage treatment -waste disposal
67
define immunity
its the body defence against diseases
68
define antibody
it is a protein molecule secreted by lymphocytes and is targeted specifically to the pathogen
69
how antibody kill the pathogen [4]
-antibody bind to the antigen on the surface of the pathogen (specific shape) causing destruction of bacteria by destroying the cell wall (lysis) -help phagocytes come and destroy the pathogen by phagocytosis by labelling the bacteria -bind to the flagella of the bacteria and preventing it from moving -stick bacteria together and prevent them from spreading in the body
70
what is primary response
its the response of the body on exposure to antigen for the first time
71
what is secondary response
its the response of the body on exposure to the antigen for the second time
72
compare primary response and secondary response [2]
- primary response is slower -in primary response lower concentration of antibodies in the plasma (weaker response)
73
mechanism of primary response [2]
-when an antigen is presented to body for the first time lymphocytes produce 80 % antibodies and 20 % memory cells -takes time which is why the response is slower
74
mechanism of secondary response [2]
-when an antigen is presented to body for the second time , it meets the memory cells present already from the first time -memory cells undergo fewer divisions so shorter time to produce antibodies
75
define active immunity
antibodies are produced actively by the body
76
advantage of active immunity
long duration, lasts for long time
77
disadvantage of active immunity
delayed onset, takes long time to develop during which infection may spread
78
what is natural active immunity
the normal immune response, when a pathogen invades the body and the specific immune response occurs towards it
79
what is artificial active immunity
when the immune system is activated artificially by injecting dead pathogen into the body still having the surface antigens (vaccine)
80
what is passive immunity
when antibodies are injected passively to body
81
advantage of passive immunity
rapid onset
82
disadvantage of passive immunity
short duration because injected antibodies are regarded as foreign body and removed quickly by phagocytosis
83
what is natural passive immunity [2]
-maternal antibodies cross placenta to baby during pregnancy to give protection against infection -maternal antibodies in breast milk (colostrum) pass to baby to give protection
84
what is artificial passive immunity
when already made antibodies are collected from cured people and then injected to the infected people (serum)
85
compare serum and vaccine [6]
-serum is injecting ready made antibodies but vaccine is injecting dead bacteria -in serum cells are not activated but in vaccine they are activated -serum is passive immunity but vaccine is active immunity -serum has immediate response but vaccine has delayed response -serum has short-lived duration but vaccine has long-lived duration -in serum memory cells are not produced
86
define vaccine
an injection containing dead bacteria or virus
87
how does vaccination work [4]
-vaccine is injected -the dead bacteria cant cause disease but still have the surface antigens that are recognized by the body, so the body makes the normal immune response -it produces antibodies and memory cells specific to the antigen of bacteria -so if this vaccinated person is subjected to the living bacteria, it will be attacked and detroyed immediately
88
why did vaccination succeed to eradicate small pox [2]
-most people all over the world recieved the vaccine -disease is only transmitted by skin contact (difficult transmisiion)
89
why did vaccination fail to eradicate measles/ polio ? [2]
-many parents and countries refused to take the vaccine -disease is transmitted by air (air-born) which is easy transmission
90
why antibodies must be injected and not taken orally? [3]
-antibodies made of protein -protein antibodies would be digested in the alimentary canal -injection is a direct route to the site of infection

biology (19 decks)

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