Ch 2 critical thinking

Question 1

Ambiguity

Answer 1

When in contexts there’s more than one way of interpreting
Can be used to obscure/confuse content of argument or rhetorically obscure true point

Question 2

Lexical ambiguity

Answer 2

Word or phrase has more than one meaning. Can also be due to same sound but different spelling: homonyms

Question 3

Syntactic ambiquity

Answer 3

Arrangement of words is in such a way it can be interpreted multiple ways

Question 4

Vagueness

Answer 4

When it’s uncertain what is conveyed by the word/sentence in context under consideration

Question 5

Connotation

Answer 5

Extension of the word. The primary is the direct meaning, the secondary the further characteristics of that word.

Question 6

Generalisations

Answer 6

Soft; expressing something is true in most cases
Hard; without exception.
Generalisations often make use of quantifiers

Question 7

Necessary conditions

Answer 7

Some thing that must be. If it’s raining there must be clouds

Question 8

Sufficient

Answer 8

Something that is enough to make it so. If it’s raining that’s sufficient evidence of there being clouds

Question 9

Counterexamples

Answer 9

Something that fits the condition but we strongly believe isn’t an example of whats defined or

Something we strongly believe is an example of whats being defined but fails to meet conditions that are necessary/sufficient.