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AP Bio > Ch. 2 - Chemical Context of Life > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Chemical Context of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

matter

A

Takes up space and has mass. Affected by gravity

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2
Q

element

A

pure substance, can’t be broken down into different substances

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3
Q

elements are made up of

A

atoms

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4
Q

Trace element

A

we only need them in small quantities (zinc, iron)

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5
Q

elements of life

A

we need them to survive.

25 total, but 4 make up 96% of all living matter

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6
Q

compound

A

A substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio (H20)

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7
Q

four essential elements make up 96% of all living matter

A

a. Oxygen
b. Carbon
c. Hydrogen
d. nitrogen

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8
Q

If there is a deficiency of an essential element ______ happens

A

disease

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9
Q

Subatomic particles

A

neutron, proton, electron

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10
Q

neutron

A

neutral charge

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11
Q

proton

A

+ charge

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12
Q

electron

A
  • charge
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13
Q

atomic number

A

of protons in an atom

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14
Q

True/False: Atoms have the same number of protons and electrons

A

Mostly true: when they are in their neutral state, which is their normal state

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15
Q

Ion

A

An electrically charged atom (not in neural state). It does NOT have the same number of protons and electrons

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16
Q

Atomic mass

A

Protons + neutrons = atomic mass

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17
Q

Isotope

A

same number of protons but greater number of NEUTRONS than other samples of the same element, so it has greater mass

It can spontaneously turn radioactive.

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18
Q

Example of isotopes

A

Carbon-6, Carbon-12, Carbon 14

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19
Q

Electron shells

A

represent the average distance from the nucleus and energy level of electrons circling the nucleus

20
Q

The ___ an electron is to/from the nucleus, the more energy it has

a) closer
b) further

A

further

21
Q

When an electron absorbs energy it becomes

A

excited

22
Q

Excited electrons move to _____ energy levels

A

higher

23
Q

When an electron loses energy

A

falls down energy levels towards the nucleus

24
Q

energy

A

capacity to cause change

25
Q

Potential energy

A

energy in matter due to location or structure

higher locations= more potential energy

more complex structures = more potential energy

26
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

27
Q

The chemical behavior of an atom depends on

A

its electron configuration and distribution

28
Q

Valence electrons

A

electrons in the outermost shell (red)

of valence electrons determines atom’s chemical behaviors (shown in periodic table groups)

29
Q

Orbital

A

the three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time

30
Q

Covalent bonds (strong)

A

Between non-metals; they share valence electrons

  • Can be polar or non-polar
31
Q

Molecule

A

atoms joined by covalent bonds

32
Q

electronegativity

A

an electronegative atom pulls electrons of a covalent bond towards itself

(Polar covalent bonds)

33
Q

Non-polar covalent bond

A

The electron is shared equally (O2, H2)

Always between atoms of the same element

34
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

One atom is more electronegative than the other and pulls electrons towards itself

The more to —> in the periodic table, the more electronegative

35
Q

Anion

A

negatively charged ion (stole the electron in the bond)

36
Q

Cation

A

positively charged ion. Lost an electron

37
Q

Ionic bond (strong)

A

Formed between anions and cations
(Na+Cl-)

Metals and non-metals

38
Q

Ionic compounds almost always create

A

salts, made of crystals

39
Q

Two types of weak bonds

A

1) Hydrogen bonds
2) Van der Waals interactions

40
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

between Hydrogen in a polar covalent bond (because the H is slightly +) and any neighboring negative charge.

41
Q

Van der Waals interactions

A

the weakest type of bonds, temporary

Electrically charged outer shells of atoms/molecules nearby barely touch each other as they move around

42
Q

Why are weak bonds important?

A

They give shape to large molecules and help them adhere to each other

43
Q

Chemical bonds are made and broken in _______

A

chemical reactions that change the composition of matter

44
Q

The resulting substance(s) of a chemical reaction is the _______

A

product (s)

45
Q

Chemical reaction basic formula

A

reactant + reactant –> product

46
Q

when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal in a chemical reaction

A

Chemical equilibrium
(balanced equation)

AP Bio (20 decks)

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