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AP Bio > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where can you find DNA?

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Four macromolecules

A
  1. Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA)
  2. proteins
  3. lipids
  4. Carbohydrates
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3
Q

Another name for macromolecules

A

polymers

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4
Q

Monomers

A

The building blocks of polymers. Small molecules that join to form macromolecules

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5
Q

What makes lipids unique?

A

Polarity. They are generally non-polar, but some parts of some lipids can be polar

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6
Q

Pol

A
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7
Q

The monomer of lipids

A

None. It’s just one molecule

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8
Q

Monomer of carbohydrates

A

sugars

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9
Q

Monomer of Nucleic Acid (DNA/RNA)

A

nucleotides

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10
Q

Monomer of proteins

A

amino acids

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11
Q

Function of lipids

A

cell membrane and energy

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12
Q

Function of proteins

A

cell structure and support. Physical shape to things.

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13
Q

Function of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

A

carry genetic info

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14
Q

Function of carbs

A

energy

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15
Q

What differentiates amino acids from one another?

A

Their R group (also called side chain)

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16
Q

How do different types of carbohydrates form?

A

Bonding. The type of carb that forms depends on where the bonds between the sugars are formed.

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17
Q

Directionality

A

the order in which the monomers attach to one another to form a macromolecule

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18
Q

What is the importance of directionality?

A

The function and structure of the macromolecule depends on the directionality of its monomers

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19
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

The process of “putting monomers together” (directionality)

20
Q

In dehydration synthesis, _____ is always lost

A

A water molecule (H20)

21
Q

The type of bond formed in dehydration synthesis

A

covalent bond/peptide bond

22
Q

to break covalent bonds, we can ___

A

Add water

23
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The reversal of dehydration synthesis; breaking monomer chains by adding water

24
Q

The two different types of Nucleic acids

A

DNA & RNA

25
Q

The monomers of nucleic acid are nucleotides. What are the 3 components of nucleotides?

A
  1. a 5-carbon sugar
  2. a phosphate group
  3. a nitrogenous base
26
Q

What are the differences between a DNA nucleotide and an RNA nucleotide?

A

DNA: deoxyribose sugar
RNA: ribose sugar

27
Q

4 nucleotides in DNA

A
  • adenine (A)
  • cytosine (C)
  • guanine (G)
  • thymine (T)
28
Q

4 nucleotides in RNA

A
  • adenine (A)
  • cytosine (C)
  • guanine (G)
  • uracil (U)
29
Q

How does a DNA nucleotide look like?

A
30
Q

How does a RNA nucleotide look like?

A
31
Q

This diagram shows the directionality of a RNA and a DNA nucleotide. What does 5’ and 3’ mean?

A

(Read as 5 prime and 3 prime).

The ends of the DNA/RNA molecule.

The 5’ end joins with phosphate and the 3’ end with the nitrogenous base in the nucleotide

32
Q

DNA is anti-parallel. What does this mean?

A

the 2 strands of the helix run in opposite directions

33
Q

How many amino acids are there and how do we get them?

A

20; through your diet

34
Q

What part of the amino acids makes it different from other amino acids?

A

The R chain

35
Q

How do proteins get their structure?

A

Based on the order/sequence of the amino acid chains

36
Q

What is the directionality of a protein?

A

It has a carboxyl group on one end and an amino group on the other end.

37
Q

Some examples of lipids

A

a. cholesterol
b. triglyceride
c. phospholipids
d. fatty acids

38
Q

common factors between the different lipids

A
  • All have a hydrocarbon tail with carbon on the inside and hydrogen outside
39
Q

Significance of hydrocarbons

A
  • Have huge amount of energy
  • non-polar. They do not like water (that’s why oil & water don’t mix)
40
Q

Phospholipids are unique among lipids because

A

They have a polar portion

41
Q

Lipids in cell membrane are amphipathic. What does it mean?

A

Have one polar end that attracts water and on non-polar ends that repels it

42
Q

Saturated fats (solids)

A

Have hydrogen molecules throughout and are straight

Solid at room temperature (butter)

43
Q

Unsaturated fats (liquids)

A

Do not have hydrogen molecules throughout and bend where hydrogen is missing because a double bond forms

Liquid at room temperature

44
Q

How can you make an unsaturated fat solid at room temperature?

A

Add hydrogen.

Manipulated fats like these are trans fats and not very healthy for your heart

45
Q

Amylose sugar is different from glycogen sugar in their

A

Bonding.
Amylose= straight
Glycogen= spherical

46
Q

Glucose

A

Sugar with the chemical formula glucose, a six-carbon sugar with the formula

AP Bio (20 decks)

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