ch 2

Question 1

how are the molecules in water in the three different phases connected

Answer 1

solid- tightly bonded to each other- ordered

gas- freely moving indipendently

liquid- move relative to one another

Question 2

mean salt content of ocean

Answer 2

34.72

Question 3

mean temperatuer of the ocean

Answer 3

3.52 degrees

Question 4

what are some qualities of water that you forget

Answer 4

vast- 97.4% of water

full of life and essential constituent for life forms and good solvent for nutrients

never still- highly mobile

Question 5

state of water vapour

Answer 5

gas

Question 6

what are clouds and fog

Answer 6

condensed water vapour

Question 7

at what temperature does freshwater and sea ice form

Answer 7

sea -2
fresh 0

Question 8

what is the temp of max density for fresh and salt water

Answer 8

fresh 4 below it forms proto ice crystals that decrease the density
salt -4

Question 9

density of ice

Answer 9

0.91 of freshwater

Question 10

bonds bw O and H

Answer 10

covalent but unequal- produce positive and negaitve ends that participate in H bonds

Question 11

what are the unusual properties of water due to H bonds

Answer 11

less dense

insulating- empty space due honeycomb cells

high melting/freezing Temp and latent heat of melting

high specific heat

high boiling/ condensation

max density of fresh water

high surface tension

low compressibility

Question 12

how is a higher heat capcity shown in a temperature and calories/gram graph

Answer 12

steeper slopes = higher heat capacity

Question 13

what does a flat part of the temperature and calories/gram graph mean

Answer 13

no temperature change, all energy is going towards changing phases

melting and boiling

thats hwy melting ice cube will keep drink at 0 degrees

Question 14

what is a benifit of waters assymetric charges

Answer 14

gives water high dissolving power over crystals made up of ions

Question 15

list 4 unusual physical properties of water and thier benifits

Answer 15

highest surface tension of all liquids
- important in cloud formation

highest specific heat capacity of all liquids except NH3
-prevents dramatic changes in temperature in the atmosphere

highest latent heat of evaporation- highest in all substances
-important in water and heat transfer in atmosphere

highest conduction of heat in all liquids
- important in small scales like cells and also turbulent diffusion

Question 16

how much light is absorbed in the first meter of water

how much makes it to 100 m

Answer 16

65%

1%

Question 17

what wave lengths are absorbed in water

Answer 17

red- long first

blue- short last

Question 18

what does the amount of light entering the ocean depths depend on

Answer 18

the height of sun

smoothness of ocean surface

Question 19

turbid coastal waters colour

Answer 19

yellow-green

red absorbed first
blue absorbed by algae

Question 19

open ocean colour and explanaion

Answer 19

blue

red and long wavelengths abosrbed first - dont reflect back to you

blue is back scattered

Question 20

what does the speed of sound affected by in ocean

Answer 20

increases with pressure

increaeses with inc temp

Question 21

sound min in ocean

Answer 21

sofar channel

sound refracted and prevented from dissipation and travels thousands of km important in earthquake listening stations and whale communication

Question 22

why does salt decrease T of max density and freezing point

Answer 22

disrupts dendency of water molecules to form ordered groups

Question 23

osmotic pressure and salinty

Answer 23

inc with salinity

Question 24

vapour pressure and salinity

Answer 24

decreases with salinity

Question 25

freezing point and max density and salinity

Answer 25

decreases with salinity