10.1 Flashcards
define equilibrium
thermodynamic state of minimum energy where forward and reverse rxn rates equal and concentration are constatn
le cahterliers principle
if a system is stristrubed it will reequilibriate to minimize the effect of the disturbance
what will affect an equilibrium
temp- salinity to a smaller scale
conceentrations of reactants/products
pressure/volume
what do we use to determine the direction the reacion will proceed to reequilibriate
reaction quotient Q
what does changing T lead to
changing K bc it is defined at a given T,S, and P
each mol of gas requires
the same volume
what is a chemical species
one of the many forms of a given substance
sometimes, measured conc depends on the
method used ot measure it
diff methods will have diff abilities to detect each form of a substance (each chemical species)
what are specific effects
they are a result of specific chemical reactions with no interference from other molecuels
in DILUTE CONDITIONS
involve the formation of chemical bonds
short distance interactions
what are non specific effects
not involved in formation of a chemical bond
longer distance interactions
attratction and repelling of ions even separated by layers of water molecules
what does the intensity of non specific effecst depend on
the distance of separation of ions
ion charge densities
when an ion dissolves in water,
it becomes hydrated and interacts with water
the water molecules organixe and are coordiated around it
diff levels of organixation depend on the distance from primary solvation shell to bulk solution
it maintains it same charge but it is more diffuse
what are the layers of ion hydration
primary solvent
secondary solvent
disordered solvent
ideal solution- hydrated ions
hdyrtaed ions dont interact with each other and only have specific effects
no longer ideal when high conc of salts bc the hydrtaed salts can intercat leading to non specific effects
what is ion pairing
when ions are close enough that their primary solation shells interact
can be specific- chemical bond bw the two ions NaCl(Aq)
non specific- when full solvet separated referred to as Na(aq) and Cl(aq)
