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chemistry - igcse > Ch - 19 (Reactions to organic compound) > Flashcards

Ch - 19 (Reactions to organic compound) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define fossil fuels.

A

A substance which when burned, releases heat energy

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2
Q

What are the most common fossil fuels?

A

coal, natural gas, petroleum

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3
Q

What is methane?

A

the main constituent of natural gas and is a hydrocarbon.

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4
Q

What are hydrocarbons made up of?

A

Hydrogen and carbon atoms

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5
Q

How are fractions in petroleum separated?

A

fractional distillation

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6
Q

Define petroleum.

A
  • a mixture of hydrocarbons which also contains natural gas
  • Crude oil
  • thick, sticky, Black liquid that is found under porous rocks
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7
Q

what does molecule in each fraction have?

A
  • similar properties
  • similar boiling points (depends on number of carbon atoms)
  • contain alkanes
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8
Q

what is the size of each molecule in a fraction related to?

A

How many carbon and hydrogen atoms the molecules contains

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9
Q

What is fractional distillation carried out in?

A

-Fractionating column which ahs temp gradient

  • hot at bottom n cool at top
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10
Q

What happens during the process of fractional distillation?

A
  • crude oil heats up and vaporizes
  • vapor of hydrocarbons enters the column which has a temp gradient
  • vapor with high b.p. condense at bottom of the column.
  • vapor of hydrocarbons with lower b.p. rise up the column and Condense at the top.
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11
Q

What are the main properties of fractions?

A
  1. Viscosity
  2. M.p. / B.p.
  3. Volatility
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12
Q

Describe detailS about viscosity.

A
  • ease of flow of liquid
  • High viscosity are thick & flow less easily
  • no. of carbon atom increases, attraction between hydrocarbon molecules increases
  • liquid becomes more viscous, increasing length of hydrocarbon chain
  • going down column, viscosity of fraction increases
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13
Q

Describe details about M.p. / B.p.

A
  • molecules get larger, intermolecular attraction becomes greater
  • more heat is needed to sperate molecules
  • going down the column, b.p. of fractions increases
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14
Q

Describe details about volatility.

A
  • tenancy of a substance to vaporize
  • size of hydrocarbon increases, attraction between molecules increases
  • going down column, volatility of fractions decreases
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15
Q

What are the uses of fractions?

A
  1. Refinery gas: Heating and cooking
  2. Gasoline: Fuel for cars
  3. Naphtha: Raw product for forming chemicals
  4. Kerosene: For making jet fuel
  5. Diesel: Fuel for diesel engines
  6. Fuel oil: Fuel for ships and home heating
  7. Lubricating oil: Lubricants, polishes, waxing
  8. Bitumen: Surfacing roads
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16
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Group of saturated hydrocarbons

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17
Q

What does the term saturated mean?

A
  • Have single carbon - carbon bonds
  • covalent bonds (only non metals)
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18
Q

what is the general formula of alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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19
Q

What is a physical description of alkanes?

A
  • colorless compounds
  • hugs change of colorless compounds
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20
Q

What are the properties of alkanes?

A
  • unreactive compounds
  • undergo combustion reactions
  • cracked in small molecules
  • React with halogen in presence of light
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21
Q

What is chemical equation of methane undergo complete combustion?

A

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) –> CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

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22
Q

What are the names of alkanes?

A
  1. Methane
  2. Ethane
  3. Propane
  4. Butane
  5. Pentane
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23
Q

What is molecular formula of:

  1. Methane
  2. Ethane
  3. Propane
  4. Butane
  5. Pentane
A
  1. Methane = CH4
  2. Ethane = C2H6
  3. Propane = C3H8
  4. Butane = C4H10
  5. Pentane = C5H12
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24
Q

What happens in substitution reaction of alkanes with halogens?

A
  • one atom (or group of atoms) is wrapped with another atom (or group of atoms)
  • undergoes substitution in presence of UV radiation
  • called photochemical reaction
  • UV light provides activation energy for reaction
  • hydrogen atoms is replaced by halogen atom
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25
Q

What are alkenes?

A
  • unsaturated hydrocarbons
  • double bonds (C = C)
  • covalent bonds
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26
Q

What is general formula for alkene?

A

CnH2n

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27
Q

What does double bonds in alkenes mean?

A
  • make more bonds of other atoms by opening up the bond
  • carbon atom forms 4 single bonds
  • more reactive than alkanes
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28
Q

What are the names of alkenes?

A
  1. Ethene
  2. Propene
  3. But - 1 - ene
  4. Pent - 1 - ene
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29
Q

What is the molecular formula of alkenes?

A
  1. Ethene (C2H4)
  2. Propene (C3H6)
  3. But - 1 - ene (C4H8)
  4. Pent - 1 - ene (C5H10)
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30
Q

How are products made from by manufacturing of alkenes?

A

long chains of hydrocarbons molecules are further processed

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31
Q

What process is used to convert longer chain molecules into short chain and more self hydrocarbons?

A

Catalytic cracking

32
Q

What are the products in catalytic cracking?

A
  • Shorter chain alkenens
  • alkene
  • hydrogen
33
Q

What is cracked to produce petrol, other alkenes and hydrogen?

A

Kerosene and diesel oil

34
Q

Describe the process of catalytic cracking.

A
  • cracking involves heating the hydrocarbon molecules to 600 - 700 °C to vaporize them
  • vapour passes to hot powdered catalyst of alumina or silica
  • breaks covalent bonds in molecules, come in contact with surface of catalyst causing thermal decomposition
  • molecules broken randomly forming a mixture of alkanes and alkenes
  • hydrogen and more alkene is produced at higher temp.
35
Q

What is an experiment to distinguish alkenes from alkanes?

A
  • bromine water is an orange colored solution
  • when bromine is shaken with an alkane, solution remains orange
  • when bromine is shaken with alkene, solution goes colourless
36
Q

What are addition reactions?

A
  • Alkene undergo addition reactions in which atoms of a simple molecule add across the C = C bond
  • only one product is formed
37
Q

What are the different addition reactions alkene goes through?

A
  1. Alkene and bromine
  2. Alkenes and hydrogen
  3. Alkenes and steam
38
Q

What is an example of an addition reaction?

A
  • Reaction between bromine and ethene
  • 2 bromine add across the carbon - carbon double bond to form a saturated compound
  • bromine water is orange but becomes colourless
39
Q

What happens when alkene undergo addition reaction with hydrogen?

A
  • Alkane is formed
  • nickel catalyst
  • Ethen and hydrogen produces ethane, propene and hydrogen will form propane and so on
40
Q

What happens when alkene undergoes an addition reaction with steam?

A
  • alcohol is formed
  • since water is added, it is called a hydration process
  • requires acid catalyst
  • ethene reacts with steam to produce ethanol, propene will react with steam to produce propanol
41
Q

What are alcohols?

A

homologous series of compound

41
Q

What do all alcohols contains?

A

Hydroxyl (OH) which is responsible for the characteristic reactions

42
Q

What are the names of all alcohols

A
  1. Methanol
  2. Ethanol
  3. Propanol
43
Q

what is the molecular formula of alcohols?

A
  1. Methanol (CH3OH)
  2. Ethanol (C2H5OH)
  3. Propanol (C3H7OH)
44
Q

What is one of the most important alcohols?

A
  • Ethanol
  • Structural formula: CH3CH2OH
45
Q

Describe w few properties of ethanol.

A
  • found in alcoholic drinks
  • fuel in cars as solvent
  • undergo complete combustion and burn in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
46
Q

What is the symbol equation of ethanol in complete combustion?

A

C2H5OH (l) + 3O2 (g) –> 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l)

47
Q

What are the 2 methods of manufacturing ethanol?

A
  • hydration of ethene with steam
  • fermentation of glucose
48
Q

Describe the process of hydration of ethene in production of ethanol.

A
  • a mixture of ethene and steam is passed over a hot catalyst of phosphoric acid at a temp of 300 °C
  • Pressure : 60 atmospheres (6000kPa)
  • gaseous ethanol is condensed into liquid for use.
49
Q

Describe the process of fermentation of glucose in production of ethanol.

A
  • sugar or starch is dissolved in water and yeast is added
  • fermented between 25°C to 35°C with absence of oxygen for a few days
  • Yeast contains enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of starch or sugar to glucose
  • If temperature is too low the reaction rate will be slow and if it is too high enzymes will become denatured
  • yeast respire anaerobically using glucose
  • yeast is killed off once the concentration of alcohol reaches 15 % so reaction vessel is emptied
  • batch process
50
Q

What is the symbol equation of yeast respiring anaerobically using glucose?

A

C6H12O6 —> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH

51
Q

What is the equipment required for:

  1. Hydration of ethene
  2. Fermentation
A
  1. Hydration of ethene - complex setup
  2. Fermentation - simple equipment
52
Q

What is the raw materials required for:

  1. Hydration of ethene
  2. Fermentation
A
  1. Hydration of ethene - non renewable resources (crude oil)
  2. Fermentation - renewable sources (sugar cane)
53
Q

What is the type of process for:

  1. Hydration of ethene
  2. Fermentation
A
  1. Hydration of ethene - continuous process (a steam of reactants is constantly passed over to a catalyst)
  2. Fermentation - batch process (mixed together in a reaction vessel and left for several days and process is repeated again)
54
Q

What is the rate of reaction for:

  1. Hydration of ethene
  2. Fermentation
A
  1. Hydration of ethene - fast
  2. Fermentation - very slow
55
Q

What is the quality of product for:

  1. Hydration of ethene
  2. Fermentation
A
  1. Hydration of ethene - produces pure ethanol
  2. Fermentation - produces a dilute solution requiring further processing
56
Q

What is the atmospheric effects for:

  1. Hydration of ethene
  2. Fermentation
A
  1. Hydration of ethene
  • no greenhouse gases
  • pollutant produced from burning fossil fuels
  1. Fermentation
  • CO2 (greenhouse gases)
57
Q

What are the reaction conditions for:

  1. Hydration of ethene
  2. Fermentation
A
  1. Hydration of ethene
  • High temp and pressure required increasing energy input and cost
  1. Fermentation - low temp required
58
Q

What do carboxylic acids react with?

A
  • metals to form a salt and hydrogen
  • carbonates to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide gas
  • bases to form a salt and water
59
Q

What is the ending of all salt formed my carboxylic acids?

A

Anoate

60
Q

What are the products formed in a reaction when:

  1. Carboxylic acid reacts with a metal
  2. Carboxylic acids react with carbonates
  3. Carboxylic acid reacts with hydroxides
A
  1. Metals - salt and hydrogen gas
  2. Carbonates - metal salt, water, andCO2 gas
  3. Hydroxides - salt and water
61
Q

What are the 2 methods used to make carboxylic acids?

A
  • Oxidation by fermentation
  • using oxidizing agents
62
Q

What happens in the process of making carboxylic acid by oxidation (fermentation)?

A
  • Microbial oxidation (fermentation) of ethanol will produce a weak solution of vinegar (ethanoic acid)
  • when bottle of wine is opened up
  • bacteria in air (acetobacter) will use atmospheric oxygen from air to oxidise ethanol in wine
63
Q

what is the symbol equation when microbial oxidation happens in ethanol to produce carboxylic acid?

A

C2H5OH (aq) + O2 (g) –> CH3COOH (aq) + H2O (l)

64
Q

What happens in the process of making carboxylic acid by using oxidising agents?

A
  • vinegar taste of wine when it has been left over for days is because of ethanoic acid
  • potassium manganate (VII) is used as oxidizing agent
  • ethanol is heated with acidified potassium manganate (VII) in the presence of an acid
  • heating is performed under reflux, with a mixture in vessel and condenser attached to the top
  • Condenser prevents volatile alcohol from escaping the reaction vessel because alcohols have less boiling points
65
Q

what is the symbol equation for the process of maxing carboxylic acid using oxidizing agents?

A

CH3CH2OH (aq) + + 2[O] –> CH3COOH (aq) + 2H2O (l)

66
Q

what is observed in the process of maxing carboxylic acid using oxidizing agents?

A
  • solution changes from purple to colorless
  • oxidizing agent is represented by
67
Q

What makes esters?

A
  • Alcohol and carboxylic acids
  • by esterification reaction
68
Q

What are esters?

A

Compounds with the functional group R - COO - R

69
Q

Describe esters property.

A
  • sweet smelling oily liquids used in food flavorings and perfumes
70
Q

What is required for esterification process?

A

Acid catalyst

71
Q

How is ethyl ethanoate formed?

A

Ethanoic acid will react with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid (catalyst) to form ethyl ethanoate

72
Q

What is the symbol equation of the formation of ethyl ethanoate?

A

CH3COOH (aq) + C2H5OH (aq) —> <— CH3COOC2H5 (aq) + H2O (l)

73
Q

How do we names esters?

A

First part: Length of carbon chain in alcohol and ends with ‘yl’

Second part: Length of carbon chain in carboxylic acid and ends with ‘oate’

74
Q

What is the name of ester when:

Alcohol: Propanol

Carboxylic acid: Methanoic acid

A

Propyl methanoate

75
Q

What is the name of ester when:

Alcohol: Methanol

Carboxylic acid: Buatnoic acid

A

Methyl buatanoate

76
Q

What is the name of ester when:

Alcohol: Ethanol

Carboxylic acid: Popanoic acid

A

ethyl propanoate

chemistry - igcse (24 decks)

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