Ch 17

Question 1

functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

-exchange of gases between atm/blood
-homeostatic regulation of body pH (CO2)
-protection from inhaled pathogens/irritants
-vocalization
-source of water and heat loss

Question 2

how is air flow different that blood flow

Answer 2

air can be compressed

Question 3

4 exchanges of respiratory system

Answer 3

1. atm to lung
2. lung to blood
3. transport gases in blood
4. blood to cells

Question 4

upper respiratory system includes which components

Answer 4

mouth
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

Question 5

lower respiratory system includes

Answer 5

trachea
bronchi
lungs

Question 6

muscles of inspiration

Answer 6

external intercostals
diaphragm
scalenes
sternocleidomastoids

Question 7

muscles of expiration

Answer 7

internal intercostals
abdominal muscles

Question 8

what can be described as a dome-shaped sheet of skeletal muscle

Answer 8

the diaphragm

Question 9

function of pleural fluid

Answer 9

to create a moist slippery surface and decrease friction while holding lungs tight against the wall

Question 10

the diameter of airways ______ and the XSA _____ while traveling downwards

Answer 10

decreases;
inreases

Question 11

air pathway downwards

Answer 11

trachea -> primary bronchi -> smaller bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli

Question 12

what must happen to air before it reaches bronchi

Answer 12

warmed to body temp
added water vapor
filter out foreign material

Question 13

is it more efficient to breathe through the mouth or nose

Answer 13

nose

Question 14

water saline layer allows cilia to

Answer 14

push mucus towards pharynx

Question 15

where does mucus come from

Answer 15

goblet cells within epithelial layer

Question 16

cystic fibrosis entails

Answer 16

no saline layer; cilia become trapped in sticky mucous

Question 17

structure of alveoli

Answer 17

type 1: 95%; thinner; gas exchange
type 2: smaller, thicker, synthesize surfactant

Question 18

function of surfactant

Answer 18

aid lungs as they expands
aid in solute transport

Question 19

spirometer measures

Answer 19

volume of air moved with each breath

Question 20

term for volume of normal breathing

Answer 20

tidal volume

Question 21

vital capacity is

Answer 21

TV + IRV + ERV

Question 22

flow is equivalent to

Answer 22

change in pressure / resistance

Question 23

when the diaphragm contracts, the thoracic volume ______

Answer 23

increases;
volume of lungs increase
pressure in lungs decrease

Question 24

when the diaphragm relaxes, the thoracic volume _____

Answer 24

decreases;
the volume of lungs decrease
the pressure of lungs increase

Question 25

intrapleural pressure is

Answer 25

subatmospheric; elastic recoil of chest wall pulls out elastic recoil of lung pulls inward pleural pressure is -3 mm Hg

Question 26

what happens to your lung if you get stabbed

Answer 26

it collapses to unstretched size

Question 27

low compliance of lungs requires

Answer 27

more force in the muscles

Question 28

restrictive lung diseases include

Answer 28

fibrotic lung diseases inadequate surfactant production

Question 29

a disease with low elastance of lungs is

Answer 29

emphysema; little recoil

Question 30

surfactant in more concentrated in

Answer 30

smaller alveoli

Question 31

surfactant composition

Answer 31

mixture containing proteins and phospholipids that disrupts cohesive forces between water molecules

Question 32

total pulmonary ventilation =

Answer 32

ventilation rate (x) tidal volume

Question 33

the deepest 150 mL of air

Answer 33

never moves

Question 34

alveolar ventilation =

Answer 34

ventilation rate x (tidal volume - dead space volume) - far low than total pulmonary ventilation

Question 35

eupnea describes

Answer 35

normal quiet breathing

Question 36

hyperpnea describes

Answer 36

increased respiratory rate and/or volume in response to increase metabolism

Question 37

hyperventilation

Answer 37

increased respiratory rate and/or volume without increased metabolism

Question 38

hypoventilation

Answer 38

decreased alveolar ventilation -shallow breathing, asthma, restrictive lung disease

Question 39

tachypnea

Answer 39

rapid breathing; usually increased respiratory rate with decrease depth (panting)

Question 40

dyspnea

Answer 40

difficulty breathing

Question 41

apnea

Answer 41

cessation of breathing

Question 42

as ventilation increases, what happens to alveolar partial pressures

Answer 42

P(O2) increases P(CO2) decreases

Question 43

P(CO2) increase effect on bronchioles and arteries

Answer 43

bronchioles dilate arteries dilate

Question 44

P(CO2) decrease effect on bronchioles and arteries

Answer 44

both constrict

Question 45

P(O2) increase effect on arteries

Answer 45

constrict

Question 46

P(O2) decrease effect on arteries

Answer 46

pulmonary arteries constrict systemic arteries dilate

Question 47

local control mechanisms try to keep ventilation and perfusion

Answer 47

matched; blood flow is diverted to well-ventilated alveoli

Question 48

auscultation is a

Answer 48

diagnostic technique

Question 49

obstructive lung diseases include

Answer 49

asthma emphysema (low elastance) chronic bronchitis