Ch 17 Flashcards
functions of the respiratory system
-exchange of gases between atm/blood
-homeostatic regulation of body pH (CO2)
-protection from inhaled pathogens/irritants
-vocalization
-source of water and heat loss
how is air flow different that blood flow
air can be compressed
4 exchanges of respiratory system
- atm to lung
- lung to blood
- transport gases in blood
- blood to cells
upper respiratory system includes which components
mouth
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
lower respiratory system includes
trachea
bronchi
lungs
muscles of inspiration
external intercostals
diaphragm
scalenes
sternocleidomastoids
muscles of expiration
internal intercostals
abdominal muscles
what can be described as a dome-shaped sheet of skeletal muscle
the diaphragm
function of pleural fluid
to create a moist slippery surface and decrease friction while holding lungs tight against the wall
the diameter of airways ______ and the XSA _____ while traveling downwards
decreases;
inreases
air pathway downwards
trachea -> primary bronchi -> smaller bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
what must happen to air before it reaches bronchi
warmed to body temp
added water vapor
filter out foreign material
is it more efficient to breathe through the mouth or nose
nose
water saline layer allows cilia to
push mucus towards pharynx
where does mucus come from
goblet cells within epithelial layer
cystic fibrosis entails
no saline layer; cilia become trapped in sticky mucous
structure of alveoli
type 1: 95%; thinner; gas exchange
type 2: smaller, thicker, synthesize surfactant
function of surfactant
aid lungs as they expands
aid in solute transport
spirometer measures
volume of air moved with each breath
term for volume of normal breathing
tidal volume
vital capacity is
TV + IRV + ERV
flow is equivalent to
change in pressure / resistance
when the diaphragm contracts, the thoracic volume ______
increases;
volume of lungs increase
pressure in lungs decrease
when the diaphragm relaxes, the thoracic volume _____
decreases;
the volume of lungs decrease
the pressure of lungs increase
intrapleural pressure is
subatmospheric;
elastic recoil of chest wall pulls out
elastic recoil of lung pulls inward
pleural pressure is -3 mm Hg
what happens to your lung if you get stabbed
it collapses to unstretched size
low compliance of lungs requires
more force in the muscles
restrictive lung diseases include
fibrotic lung diseases
inadequate surfactant production
a disease with low elastance of lungs is
emphysema; little recoil
surfactant in more concentrated in
smaller alveoli
surfactant composition
mixture containing proteins and phospholipids that disrupts cohesive forces between water molecules
total pulmonary ventilation =
ventilation rate (x) tidal volume
the deepest 150 mL of air
never moves
alveolar ventilation =
ventilation rate x (tidal volume - dead space volume)
- far low than total pulmonary ventilation
eupnea describes
normal quiet breathing
hyperpnea describes
increased respiratory rate and/or volume in response to increase metabolism
hyperventilation
increased respiratory rate and/or volume without increased metabolism
hypoventilation
decreased alveolar ventilation
-shallow breathing, asthma, restrictive lung disease
tachypnea
rapid breathing; usually increased respiratory rate with decrease depth (panting)
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
apnea
cessation of breathing
as ventilation increases, what happens to alveolar partial pressures
P(O2) increases
P(CO2) decreases
P(CO2) increase effect on bronchioles and arteries
bronchioles dilate
arteries dilate
P(CO2) decrease effect on bronchioles and arteries
both constrict
P(O2) increase effect on arteries
constrict
P(O2) decrease effect on arteries
pulmonary arteries constrict
systemic arteries dilate
local control mechanisms try to keep ventilation and perfusion
matched;
blood flow is diverted to well-ventilated alveoli
auscultation is a
diagnostic technique
obstructive lung diseases include
asthma
emphysema (low elastance)
chronic bronchitis
