Ch 14

Question 1

oxygen is moved from the _______ to _______

Answer 1

lungs;
all cells

Question 2

nutrients and water are moved from the _______ to ________

Answer 2

intestinal tract;
all cells

Question 3

wastes are moved from ________ to _________

Answer 3

some cells;
liver for processing

Question 4

immune cells, anti-bodies, clotting proteins are moved from ______ to _______

Answer 4

present in blood continuously;
available for any cell that needs them

Question 5

hormones are moved from ______ to _______

Answer 5

endocrine cells;
target cells

Question 6

stored nutrients are moved from ______ to _______

Answer 6

liver and adipose tissue;
all cells

Question 7

metabolic wastes are moved from ______ to _______

Answer 7

all cells;
kidneys

Question 8

heat is moved from ______ to _______

Answer 8

all cells;
skin

Question 9

carbon dioxide is moved from ______ to _______

Answer 9

all cells;
lungs

Question 10

the heart pumps how much blood a day

Answer 10

7200 L blood/day

Question 11

“the heart is a workhorse”

Answer 11

pumps blood
-oxygen consumption
-one-w

Question 12

tubes of the heart include

Answer 12

blood vessels, pulmonary artery, vein, aorta vena cava

Question 13

fluid of the heart is

Answer 13

blood

Question 14

blood flows ________ pressure gradients

Answer 14

down

Question 15

blood flow starting with aorta

Answer 15

aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> venae cavae

Question 16

blood pressure definition

Answer 16

the pressure that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels

Question 17

pressure in a fluid is

Answer 17

the force exerted by the fluid on its container

Question 18

hydrostatic pressure is

Answer 18

the pressure exerted with no fluid movement

Question 19

why does pressure fall over distance

Answer 19

energy is lost due to friction

Question 20

pressure created by contracting muscles is

Answer 20

transferred to blood

Question 21

driving pressure for systemic flow is created by

Answer 21

the left ventricle

Question 22

constriction of blood vessels causes blood pressure to

Answer 22

increase

Question 23

dilation of blood vessels causes blood pressure to

Answer 23

decrease

Question 24

volume changes greatly affect ______ in CVS

Answer 24

blood pressure

Question 25

the heart is composed mostly of ______

Answer 25

myocardium

Question 26

pericardium definition

Answer 26

membranous fluid-filled sac that encases the heart

Question 27

the ______ occupy the bulk of the heart

Answer 27

ventricles

Question 28

The arteries and veins attach to the _____ of the heart

Answer 28

base

Question 29

the right atrium receives blood from the ______ and sends blood to the _______

Answer 29

venae cavae; right ventricle

Question 30

the right ventricle receives blood from the ______ and sends blood to the _______

Answer 30

right atrium; lungs

Question 31

the left atrium receives blood from the ______ and sends blood to the _______

Answer 31

pulmonary veins; left ventricle

Question 32

the left ventricle receives blood from the ______ and sends blood to the _______

Answer 32

left atrium; body except for lungs

Question 33

the venae cavae receives blood from the ______ and sends blood to the _______

Answer 33

systemic veins; right atrium

Question 34

the pulmonary trunk receives blood from the ______ and sends blood to the _______

Answer 34

right ventricle; lungs

Question 35

the pulmonary vein receives blood from the ______ and sends blood to the _______

Answer 35

veins of the lungs; left atrium

Question 36

the aorta receives blood from the _____ and sends blood to the _____

Answer 36

left ventricle; systemic arteries

Question 37

what ensures one-way flow in the heart

Answer 37

the heart valves (two sets)

Question 38

mitral and tricuspid are the _____ valves

Answer 38

atrial ventricular (AV)

Question 39

the semilunar valves include

Answer 39

pulmonary artery and aorta

Question 40

action of AV valves during ventricular contraction

Answer 40

the AV valves remain closed to prevent blood flow backward into the atria

Question 41

action of semilunar valves during ventricular relaxation

Answer 41

the semilunar valves prevent blood that has entered the arteries from flowing back into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation

Question 42

what differentiates cardiac muscle from skeletal muscle

Answer 42

-smaller and have single nucleus per fiber -intercalated disks -t-tubules are larger and branch -SR is smaller -mitochondria occupy 1/3 of cell

Question 43

what do intercalated disks in cardiac muscle do

Answer 43

-desmosomes allow force to be transferred -gap junctions provide electrical connection

Question 44

excitation contraction coupling and relaxation in cardiac muscle

Answer 44

like 10 slides

Question 45

action potential enters from

Answer 45

an adjacent cell

Question 46

______ channels open and ____ enters the cell

Answer 46

voltage-gated Ca channels; Ca 2+

Question 47

where do you find these excitable channels

Answer 47

in the t-tubules

Question 48

Calcium induces calcium release through

Answer 48

ryanodine receptor-channels (RyR) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 49

local release causes

Answer 49

Calcium spark???

Question 50

summed ______ create a Calcium signal

Answer 50

calcium sparks

Question 51

Ca 2+ bind to troponin to

Answer 51

initiate contraction

Question 52

relaxation occurs when

Answer 52

calcium unbinds from troponin

Question 53

calcium is pumped back into

Answer 53

the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage

Question 54

calcium is exchanged with

Answer 54

sodium by the NCX antiporter

Question 55

sodium gradient is maintained by the

Answer 55

sodium potassium ATPase

Question 56

cardiac muscle contraction can be "graded" by

Answer 56

calcium concentration

Question 57

sarcomere length affects

Answer 57

force of contraction

Question 58

do action potentials vary according to cell type

Answer 58

yes

Question 59

myocardial contractile cell action potential

Answer 59

phase 0 - Na channels open phase 1 - Na channels close phase 2 - Ca channels open; fast K channels close phase 3 - Ca channels close; slow K channels open phase 4 resting potential

Question 60

refractory period in cardiac muscle

Answer 60

long; almost as long as the entire muscle twitch

Question 61

study table on slide 42

Answer 61

comparison of action potentials in cardiac and skeletal muscle

Question 62

electrical conduction in the heart begins with

Answer 62

depolarization of the SA node

Question 63

electrical activity goes rapidly to the _____ via ________

Answer 63

AV node; internodal pathways

Question 64

depolarization across the atria occurs _____

Answer 64

slowly

Question 65

depolarization through the ventricular conduction system....

Answer 65

to the apex of the heart occurs rapidly

Question 66

AV node function

Answer 66

-routes the direction of electrical signals -delays the transmission of AP

Question 67

SA node function

Answer 67

-sets the pace of the heartbeat at 70 bpm -is not always the pacemaker tho

Question 68

pathways of electrical conduction in the heart

Answer 68

SA node -> internodal pathways -> AV node -> AV bundle -> bundle branches -> purkinje fibers

Question 69

what is einthoven's triangle

Answer 69

ECG tracing that shows electrical potentials generated by cells of the heart

Question 70

3 major waves of the electrocardiogram

Answer 70

P wave QRS complex T wave

Question 71

The p wave represents

Answer 71

atrial depolarization

Question 72

the QRS complex represents

Answer 72

ventricular depolarization and also atrial repolarization

Question 73

the T wave represents

Answer 73

ventricular repolarization

Question 74

high heart rate is _____ low heart rate is ______

Answer 74

tachycardia; bradycardia

Question 75

arrhythmia describes

Answer 75

an irregular heart beat

Question 76

heart in late diastole

Answer 76

both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passively

Question 77

heart in atrial systole

Answer 77

atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into the ventricles

Question 78

heart in isovolumic ventricular contraction

Answer 78

first phase of ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open semilunar valves

Question 79

heart in ventricular ejection

Answer 79

as ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected

Question 80

heart in isovolumic ventricular relaxation

Answer 80

as ventricles relax, pressure in ventricles falls, blood flows back into cusps of semilunar valves and snaps the, closed

Question 81

stroke volume: what is it

Answer 81

the amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during a contraction EDV - ESV = stroke volume -on average 70 mL/beat

Question 82

cardiac output: what is it?

Answer 82

volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in a given period of time CO = HR x SV on average = 5L/min

Question 83

pathway of sympathetic neurons

Answer 83

NE -> Beta receptors of autorhythmic cells -> increase Na and Ca influx -> increase rate of depolarization -> increase heart rate

Question 84

pathway of parasympathetic neurons

Answer 84

Ach -> muscarinic receptors of autorhythmic cells -> increase K efflux / decrease Ca influx -> hyperpolarizes cell and decrease rate of depolarization -> decrease heart rate

Question 85

heart rate is determined by

Answer 85

rate of depolarization in autorhythmic cells