Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Physiology > Ch 14 > Flashcards

Ch 14 Flashcards

1
Q

oxygen is moved from the _______ to _______

A

lungs;
all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nutrients and water are moved from the _______ to ________

A

intestinal tract;
all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

wastes are moved from ________ to _________

A

some cells;
liver for processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

immune cells, anti-bodies, clotting proteins are moved from ______ to _______

A

present in blood continuously;
available for any cell that needs them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hormones are moved from ______ to _______

A

endocrine cells;
target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

stored nutrients are moved from ______ to _______

A

liver and adipose tissue;
all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

metabolic wastes are moved from ______ to _______

A

all cells;
kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

heat is moved from ______ to _______

A

all cells;
skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

carbon dioxide is moved from ______ to _______

A

all cells;
lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the heart pumps how much blood a day

A

7200 L blood/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

“the heart is a workhorse”

A

pumps blood
-oxygen consumption
-one-w

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tubes of the heart include

A

blood vessels, pulmonary artery, vein, aorta vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

fluid of the heart is

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

blood flows ________ pressure gradients

A

down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

blood flow starting with aorta

A

aorta -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> venae cavae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

blood pressure definition

A

the pressure that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

pressure in a fluid is

A

the force exerted by the fluid on its container

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hydrostatic pressure is

A

the pressure exerted with no fluid movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why does pressure fall over distance

A

energy is lost due to friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pressure created by contracting muscles is

A

transferred to blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

driving pressure for systemic flow is created by

A

the left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

constriction of blood vessels causes blood pressure to

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

dilation of blood vessels causes blood pressure to

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

volume changes greatly affect ______ in CVS

A

blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the heart is composed mostly of ______

A

myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

pericardium definition

A

membranous fluid-filled sac that encases the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the ______ occupy the bulk of the heart

A

ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The arteries and veins attach to the _____ of the heart

A

base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the right atrium receives blood from the ______ and sends blood to the _______

A

venae cavae;
right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the right ventricle receives blood from the ______ and sends blood to the _______

A

right atrium;
lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

the left atrium receives blood from the ______ and sends blood to the _______

A

pulmonary veins;
left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the left ventricle receives blood from the ______ and sends blood to the _______

A

left atrium;
body except for lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the venae cavae receives blood from the ______ and sends blood to the _______

A

systemic veins;
right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the pulmonary trunk receives blood from the ______ and sends blood to the _______

A

right ventricle;
lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the pulmonary vein receives blood from the ______ and sends blood to the _______

A

veins of the lungs;
left atrium

36
Q

the aorta receives blood from the _____ and sends blood to the _____

A

left ventricle;
systemic arteries

37
Q

what ensures one-way flow in the heart

A

the heart valves (two sets)

38
Q

mitral and tricuspid are the _____ valves

A

atrial ventricular (AV)

39
Q

the semilunar valves include

A

pulmonary artery and aorta

40
Q

action of AV valves during ventricular contraction

A

the AV valves remain closed to prevent blood flow backward into the atria

41
Q

action of semilunar valves during ventricular relaxation

A

the semilunar valves prevent blood that has entered the arteries from flowing back into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation

42
Q

what differentiates cardiac muscle from skeletal muscle

A

-smaller and have single nucleus per fiber
-intercalated disks
-t-tubules are larger and branch
-SR is smaller
-mitochondria occupy 1/3 of cell

43
Q

what do intercalated disks in cardiac muscle do

A

-desmosomes allow force to be transferred
-gap junctions provide electrical connection

44
Q

excitation contraction coupling and relaxation in cardiac muscle

A

like 10 slides

45
Q

action potential enters from

A

an adjacent cell

46
Q

______ channels open and ____ enters the cell

A

voltage-gated Ca channels;
Ca 2+

47
Q

where do you find these excitable channels

A

in the t-tubules

48
Q

Calcium induces calcium release through

A

ryanodine receptor-channels (RyR) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

49
Q

local release causes

A

Calcium spark???

50
Q

summed ______ create a Calcium signal

A

calcium sparks

51
Q

Ca 2+ bind to troponin to

A

initiate contraction

52
Q

relaxation occurs when

A

calcium unbinds from troponin

53
Q

calcium is pumped back into

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage

54
Q

calcium is exchanged with

A

sodium by the NCX antiporter

55
Q

sodium gradient is maintained by the

A

sodium potassium ATPase

56
Q

cardiac muscle contraction can be “graded” by

A

calcium concentration

57
Q

sarcomere length affects

A

force of contraction

58
Q

do action potentials vary according to cell type

A

yes

59
Q

myocardial contractile cell action potential

A

phase 0 - Na channels open
phase 1 - Na channels close
phase 2 - Ca channels open; fast K channels close
phase 3 - Ca channels close; slow K channels open
phase 4 resting potential

60
Q

refractory period in cardiac muscle

A

long; almost as long as the entire muscle twitch

61
Q

study table on slide 42

A

comparison of action potentials in cardiac and skeletal muscle

62
Q

electrical conduction in the heart begins with

A

depolarization of the SA node

63
Q

electrical activity goes rapidly to the _____ via ________

A

AV node;
internodal pathways

64
Q

depolarization across the atria occurs _____

A

slowly

65
Q

depolarization through the ventricular conduction system….

A

to the apex of the heart occurs rapidly

66
Q

AV node function

A

-routes the direction of electrical signals
-delays the transmission of AP

67
Q

SA node function

A

-sets the pace of the heartbeat at 70 bpm
-is not always the pacemaker tho

68
Q

pathways of electrical conduction in the heart

A

SA node -> internodal pathways -> AV node -> AV bundle -> bundle branches -> purkinje fibers

69
Q

what is einthoven’s triangle

A

ECG tracing that shows electrical potentials generated by cells of the heart

70
Q

3 major waves of the electrocardiogram

A

P wave
QRS complex
T wave

71
Q

The p wave represents

A

atrial depolarization

72
Q

the QRS complex represents

A

ventricular depolarization and also atrial repolarization

73
Q

the T wave represents

A

ventricular repolarization

74
Q

high heart rate is _____
low heart rate is ______

A

tachycardia;
bradycardia

75
Q

arrhythmia describes

A

an irregular heart beat

76
Q

heart in late diastole

A

both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricles fill passively

77
Q

heart in atrial systole

A

atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into the ventricles

78
Q

heart in isovolumic ventricular contraction

A

first phase of ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open semilunar valves

79
Q

heart in ventricular ejection

A

as ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected

80
Q

heart in isovolumic ventricular relaxation

A

as ventricles relax, pressure in ventricles falls, blood flows back into cusps of semilunar valves and snaps the, closed

81
Q

stroke volume: what is it

A

the amount of blood pumped by one ventricle during a contraction
EDV - ESV = stroke volume
-on average 70 mL/beat

82
Q

cardiac output: what is it?

A

volume of blood pumped by one ventricle in a given period of time
CO = HR x SV
on average = 5L/min

83
Q

pathway of sympathetic neurons

A

NE -> Beta receptors of autorhythmic cells -> increase Na and Ca influx -> increase rate of depolarization -> increase heart rate

84
Q

pathway of parasympathetic neurons

A

Ach -> muscarinic receptors of autorhythmic cells -> increase K efflux / decrease Ca influx -> hyperpolarizes cell and decrease rate of depolarization -> decrease heart rate

85
Q

heart rate is determined by

A

rate of depolarization in autorhythmic cells

86
Q
A

Human Physiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions