Ch 16 Labor & Birth Processes (Exam 2, study guide)

Question 1

the five factors (5 Ps) affecting the process of labor and birth

Answer 1

1. Passenger (fetus, placenta)
2. Passageway
3. Powers
4. Position of mother
5. Physiologic/Psychologic response

Question 2

membrane-filled spaces that are located where the sutures in the fetal/neonatal skull intersect

Answer 2

fontanels

Question 3

overlapping of the bones of the fetal skull that occurs during childbirth, thereby temporarily changes its shape and facilitating the skull’s passage through the birth canal

Answer 3

molding

Question 4

part of the fetus that enters the pelvic inlet first and leads through the birth canal during labor

Answer 4

presentation

Question 5

three main types of presentation

Answer 5

1. Cephalic (head first)
2. Breech (buttocks, feet, or both first)
3. Shoulder

Question 6

part of the fetus that lies closest to the internal os of the cervix and is first felt by the examiner’s finger during a vaginal exam

Answer 6

presenting part

Question 7

4 types of presenting parts

Answer 7

1. Occiput (back of head)
2. Mentum (chin)
3. Sacrum
4. Scapula

Question 8

presentation that occurs when the fetal head is fully flexed, making the fetal occiput the first part felt by the examining finger

Answer 8

vertex presentation

Question 9

relationship of the fetal spine (long axis) to the maternal spine (long axis)

Answer 9

fetal lie

Question 10

term used when the maternal and fetal spines are parallel

Answer 10

longitudinal (vertical)

Question 11

term used when the fetal spine is at a right angle or diagonal to the maternal spine

Answer 11

transverse (oblique, horizontal)

Question 12

relationship of the fetal body parts to one another

Answer 12

attitude

Question 13

most common attitude relationship

Answer 13

general flexion

Question 14

largest transverse diameter of the fetal skull

Answer 14

biparietal diameter (BPD)

Question 15

smallest anteroposterior diameter of the fetal skull to enter the maternal pelvis when the fetal head is in complete flexion

Answer 15

suboccipitobregmatic diameter

Question 16

relationship of a reference point on the fetal presenting part (O,M,S,Sc) to the 4 quadrants of the maternal pelvis

Answer 16

fetal position

Question 17

this is said to have occurred when the largest transverse diameter of the presenting part has passed through the pelvic inlet and into the true pelvis, reaching the level of he ischial spines

Answer 17

engagement

Question 18

relationship of the fetal presenting part to an imaginary line drawn between the ischial spines

Answer 18

station

Question 19

station is measure in ____ above or below the ischial spines, thereby serving as a method of determining the progress of fetal ________

Answer 19

cm

descent

Question 20

process of shortening and thinning of the cervix during the first stage of labor.
progress is expressed in

Answer 20

effacement

0-100%

Question 21

enlargement and widening of the cervical opening (os) and the cervical canal that occurs during labor.
progress is expressed in

Answer 21

dilation

1-10 cm

Question 22

descent of the fetal presenting part into the true pelvis approximately 2 weeks before term in the primigravida and in the multiparous woman once true labor is in progress

Answer 22

Lightening “dropping”

Question 23

primary powers of labor

Answer 23

involuntary UC

Question 24

primary powers (involuntary UC) are responsible for _______ and _______ of the cervix and _________ of the fetus

Answer 24

effacement and dilation of the cervix and descent of the fetus

Question 25

term used to designate the time from the beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next

Answer 25

frequency

Question 26

term used to designate the length of a contraction

Answer 26

duration

Question 27

term used to designate the strength of a contraction at its peak

Answer 27

intensity

Question 28

secondary powers of labor accomplished when the woman bears down or pushes

Answer 28

voluntary UC (bearing-down efforts) (abdominal muscle contractions)

Question 29

brownish or blood-tinged cervical mucoid discharge representing the passage of the mucous plug as the cervix ripens in preparation for labor

Answer 29

blood show

Question 30

term used to refer to the movements of the fetus in a vertex presentation as it turns and adjusts its head to facilitate passage through the maternal birth canal

Answer 30

cardinal movements (mechanism of labor)

Question 31

7 cardinal movements (mechanism of labor)

Answer 31

1. Engagement
2. Descent
3. Flexion
4. Internal Rotation
5. Extension
6. External Rotation
7. Expulsion

Question 32

term used to refer to the maternal urge to bear down, which occurs when the fetal presenting part reaches the perineal floor, stimulating stretch receptors and causing a release of oxytocin

Answer 32

Ferguson reflex

Question 33

the first stage of labor begins with the onset of

Answer 33

regular UC

Question 34

the first stage of labor ends with

Answer 34

full effacement/dilation

Question 35

the first stage of labor is divided into 3 phases:

Answer 35

latent
active
transition

Question 36

the second stage of labor lasts from the time the ________ to the ___________

Answer 36

cervix is fully dilated

birth of the fetus

Question 37

the third stage of labor lasts from ______ until the _________

Answer 37

birth of the fetus

placenta is delivered

Question 38

the fourth stage of is the

Answer 38

recovery following birth when homeostasis is reestablished

Question 39

four factors that affect fetal circulation during labor

Answer 39

1. Maternal Position
2. Maternal BP
3. Uterine Contractions
4. Umbilical Cord Blood Flow