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Biology > Ch. 16-17 > Flashcards

Ch. 16-17 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did people believe that species where?

A

Perfect and unchangeable

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2
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

A scientific explanation to account for the diversity of life

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3
Q

James Hutton

A

Discovered that the earth changed because of the weather

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4
Q

Published “Principles of Geology”. Influenced Darwin

A

Charles Lyell

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5
Q

“Principle of Population” said human population will grow faster than the space and food supplies needed to sustain it

A

Thomas Malthus

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6
Q

Recognized that living things have changed over time and that organisms adapted to their environments

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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7
Q

What 3 things did Lamarck state in his theory?

A
  1. Tendency toward perfection
  2. Use and disuse
  3. Inheritance of acquired traits
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8
Q

Tendency toward perfection

A

Organisms are continually acquiring features to help them live successfully

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9
Q

Use and disuse

A

Organisms could alter themselves physically by using their bodies in new ways(fly—>arms into wings)

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10
Q

Inheritance of acquired traits

A

Acquired characteristics could be inherited(work out to get big muscles=your children will have big muscles)

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11
Q

Why was Lamarck wrong?

A
  1. Realized organisms are adapted to their environments
  2. An organism’s behavior has no effect in inheritable characteristics
  3. No evidence that organisms try to become more perfect
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12
Q

What did Darwin observe in the Galápagos Islands?

A
  1. Many plants and animals were well suited for their environment
  2. He noticed where these species lived, and where they didn’t
  3. Looked at fossils
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13
Q

What formed the basis for early evolutionary ideas?

A

Fossils

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14
Q

Who was the first scientist to publish using fossil evidence?

A

Charles Darwin

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15
Q

Gene Pool

A

All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population

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16
Q

Allelic frequency

A

The number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool, compared to the total number of alleles in that pool for the same gene

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17
Q

Natural selection

A

Explanation for how evolution occurs in nature

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18
Q

What are organisms with favorable variations able to do?

A

Survive, reproduce, and pass on their variations to the next generation

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19
Q

Why does each generation have a large amount of offspring?

A

The more that they have the more they are likely to survive

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20
Q

Why does Natural selection occur?

A
  1. Overproduction
  2. Genetic variation (individuals will be slightly different from each other)
  3. Survival struggle (competition for resources)
  4. Successful reproduction
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21
Q

Natural variation

A

A variation in the expression of their traits

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22
Q

What does natural variation often take the form as?

A

A curve

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23
Q

When do most individuals express the phenotype on the curve?

A

At the peak of the curve

24
Q

Why are there fewer individuals at the ends of the curves?

A

Their phenotype doesn’t give them as good a chance than those at the peak

25
Q

What is the favorable phenotype determined by?

A

The environment

26
Q

Fitness

A

The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a specific environment

27
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

States that individuals with characteristics that are not well suited to their environment will either die more often or leave few offspring

28
Q

Adaptation

A

Any variation that aids an organisms chances of survival in its environment

29
Q

What are some examples of adaptations?

A
  1. Camouflage
  2. Thorns
  3. Color
30
Q

Speciation

A

Process by which new species are generated

31
Q

When does speciation occur?

A

When populations of a single species are reproductively isolated from each other

32
Q

Do we need speciation?

A

Yes

33
Q

What are the different ways groups of the same species can be reproductively isolated from each other?

A
  1. Continental drift
  2. Mountain uplifting
  3. Changes in sea level
  4. Changes in climate
  5. Island formation
34
Q

What 2 things cause speciation?

A
  1. Selective pressures

2. Reproductive isolation

35
Q

Selective pressures

A

Some traits that are fit in one environment, but might not be in another

36
Q

What happens during selective pressure?

A

Genes can no longer transfer between diverged populations and the allergic frequency in the 2nd population will begin to change

37
Q

Homologous structure

A

Structure that is similar in arrangement, inn functions, or in both and was inherited from a common ancestor

38
Q

Vestigal structure

A

A structure in a present day organism that no longer serves its original purpose (appendix)

39
Q

Where are fossils formed?

A

Sedimentary rock

40
Q

How are fossils formed?

A
  1. Quickly covered with sediment
  2. U disturbed
  3. Bones replaced with minerals from rock
  4. Weathering and erosion uncover them
41
Q

By examining where fossils are located and the changes, what can we learn?

A

How species evolved over time

42
Q

Transitional fossils

A

Fossils that show the intermediate stage between current species and their ancestors

43
Q

Are transitional fossils direct descendants?

A

No

44
Q

Allele Frequency

A

The percentage of any specific allele in the population(how often the allele shows up)

45
Q

Do allele frequencies change?

A

YES

46
Q

What has to change in order for an allele frequency to change?

A

The genotype

47
Q

What would happen if there were significant changes in the gene pool of a population?

A

Evolution of a new species over time

48
Q

Genetic drift

A

An alteration of allergic frequencies by chance events

49
Q

Genetic equilibrium

A

The frequency of alleles remains the same over many generations (no evolution)

50
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population (ex. Disease)

51
Q

What can the bottleneck effect do?

A

Reduce a population genetic diversity

52
Q

Founder effect

A

A few individuals colonize a new habitat

53
Q

What 5 things did Hardy-Weinberg predict would disturb genetic equilibrium?

A
  1. Non random mating
  2. Small population
  3. Immigration
  4. Emigration
  5. Mutations
  6. Natural selection
54
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Species that derived from a common ancestor that have successfully adapted to their environment by natural selection

55
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Species that were similar to ancestral species become more and more distinct

56
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Occurs when distantly related organisms evolve similar traits

57
Q

Evolution

A

Change over time

Biology (9 decks)

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