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Biology > Ch. 12 > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Flashcards

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0
Q

When does DNA replicate?

A

S phase

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1
Q

DNA replication

A

When the DNA in the chromosomes is copied

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2
Q

What direction do the phosphate/sugar backbones go?

A

Anti-parallel, p=5 s=3

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3
Q

How are hydrogen bonds broken?

A

Enzymes

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4
Q

Why does the replication go in a different direction than the original strand?

A

The new strand starts at 5’, but it is a the 3’ of the old strand

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5
Q

Leading strand

A

Strand that DNA is copied on (natural flow)

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6
Q

Lagging strand

A

Unnatural flow of DNA that has to be copied in fragments

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7
Q

What are the lagging fragments called?

A

Okazaki fragments

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8
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Attaches the new nucleotides to its complementary base by hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

What contains the info in DNA?

A

The sequence of nucleotides

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10
Q

How is the information put to work?

A

Through the production of proteins

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11
Q

What controls all the chemical reactions of an organism?

A

Enzymes

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12
Q

What controls us?

A

DNA

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13
Q

What do amino acids create?

A

Proteins

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14
Q

Proteins

A

Long polymers

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15
Q

Polymers

A

Chains composed of amino acids

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16
Q

What determines the shape of proteins?

A

The order of the amino acids

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17
Q

What determines the action of the proteins?

A

The shape of the proteins

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18
Q

What is the sequence of DNA?

A

DNA, RNA, protein

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19
Q

What is RNA?

A

Nucleic acid

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20
Q

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A
  1. Different sugars
  2. Single stranded
  3. Contains uracil
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21
Q

What kind of sugar does DNA have?

A

Deoxyribose

ATGC

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22
Q

What contains the instructions for making proteins?

A

DNA

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23
Q

Is DNA allowed to leave the nucleus?

A

NO

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24
Q

How many proteins do ribosomes make at a time?

A

One

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25
Q

How do we get specific directions to the ribosomes outside the nucleus?

A

mRNA

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26
Q

What does mRNA take from DNA?

A

Instructions on how the protein should be assembled

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27
Q

When can the ribosomes assemble the protein?

A

When the ribosome has the mRNA instructions

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28
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. rRNA
  3. tRNA
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29
Q

mRNA

A

Brings instructions from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm

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30
Q

rRNA

A

Binds to the mRNA and uses the instructions to assemble the amino acids in the correct order (does the work)

31
Q

tRNA

A

Delivers amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into a protein (the supplier)

32
Q

Transcription

A

When enzymes make an RNA copy of a portion of a DNA strand

33
Q

What is the difference between transcription and DNA replication?

A

Transcription=one strand RNA molecule

DNA molecule=double stranded

34
Q

Introns

A

Long non coding nucleotide sequences

35
Q

Exons

A

Regions that contain info

36
Q

When mRNA is transcribed what happens to the introns/exons?

A

They are copied

37
Q

What must happen to the introns before it can function to make a protein?

A

They must be removed

38
Q

What are proteins?

A

Chain of amino acids

39
Q

Codon

A

Group of 3 nitrogenous bases

40
Q

How many different combinations of codons are there?

A

64

41
Q

Translation

A

The process of converting the information in a sequence of nitrogenous bases in mRNA into amino acids

42
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

Ribosomes

43
Q

During translation what do ribosomes attach to?

A

mRNA

44
Q

How are proteins built?

A

The amino acids must be brought to the proteins

45
Q

What does tRNA molecules attach to?

A

One type of amino acids

46
Q

What is the first codon in mRNA?

A

AUG

47
Q

What does AUG do?

A

Signals the start of protein synthesis

48
Q

After bonding the first tRNA what does the ribosome do?

A

Slides to the next codon

49
Q

Peptide bond

A

Holds the amino acids together

50
Q

When is the ribosomes job done?

A

When it reaches the stop codon

51
Q

What are the chains called that will become proteins?

A

Polypeptide

52
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information

53
Q

Gene mutations

A

Affect a single gene

54
Q

What are the two types of gene mutations?

A
  1. Gene mutations

2. Chromosomal mutations

55
Q

Chromosomal mutation

A

Affect a whole chromosome

56
Q

What are gene mutations usually called?

A

Point mutations

57
Q

What do point mutations consist of?

A
  1. Substitution
  2. Insertions/additions
  3. Deletions
58
Q

Substitution

A

One base is changed to another base

59
Q

Will a substitution always result in the wrong amino acid?

A

NO

60
Q

Do different amino acids result in a different protein?

A

Not always, it depends on the chemical properties

61
Q

What do addition or deletion mutations result in?

A

Frame shift mutations

62
Q

Are frame shift mutations drajstic?

A

YES

63
Q

What are the 4 chromosomal mutations?

A
  1. Deletion
  2. Duplication
  3. Inversion
  4. Translocation
64
Q

Inversion

A

Reverses the direction

65
Q

Translocation

A

Part of one chromosome breaks off and reattaches to another chromosome

66
Q

Nondisjunction

A

A homologous pair fails to separate during meiosis, where two cells have one less chromosome and two have one more chromosome

67
Q

What is an example of nondisjunction?

A
  1. Down syndrome

2. Kinfelter syndrome

68
Q

Kinfelter syndrome

A

2x chromosomes, male with feminine qualities

69
Q

How do we get mutations?

A
  1. Spontaneous

2. The environment

70
Q

Mutagens

A

Any agent that can cause a change in DNA

71
Q

What are some mutagens?

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Chemicals
  3. High temperatures
  4. Infectious agents
72
Q

What usually causes substitution mutations?

A

Chemical mutagens

73
Q

The breaking and reforming of a double stranded DNA molecule can lead to what?

A

Deletions

74
Q

What proofreads DNA and replace incorrect nucleotides with correct nucleotides?

A

Enzymes

Biology (9 decks)

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