CH:14 Operant Conditioning

Question 0

D-B-C of operant conditioning

Answer 0

environment - behaviour - consequence

Question 1

continuous reinforcement

Answer 1

a schedule of reinforcement in which every response is reinforced

Question 2

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 2

In operant conditioning, Skinners term for the precondition that indicates that a behaviour will be reinforced (D-B-C)

Question 3

Effective Punishment

Answer 3

punishment administered in such a way as to reduce the likelihood of the behaviour recurring

Question 4

Extinction

Answer 4

When a response no longer occurs. In operant conditioning, the response will be extinguished after being shown several times without reinforcement.

Question 5

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 5

A schedule of partial reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses, no matter how many responses have been shown

Question 6

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 6

A schedule of partial reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a time period, no matter how many responses have been shown

Question 7

negative reinforcers

Answer 7

The removal, reduction or prevention of an unpleasant stimulus in response to a behaviour, increasing the likelihood that a behaviour will be repeated

Question 8

operant conditioning

Answer 8

A type of learning in which behaviour becomes controlled by its consequeces

Question 9

partial reinforcement

Answer 9

any schedule of reinforcement in which not every response is reinforced

Question 10

positive reinforcers

Answer 10

A consequence that strengthens a behavioural response by providing a pleasant or satisfying outcome

Question 11

punishers

Answer 11

any event that reduces the likelihood of a particular response occuring over time

Question 12

reinforcer

Answer 12

any event that strengthens the likelihood of a particular event occurring over time

Question 13

response cost

Answer 13

a form of punishment that occurs when something desirable is removed

Question 14

schedule of reinforcement

Answer 14

frequency and manner in which a response is reinforced or punished

Question 15

shaping

Answer 15

a procedure in which a reinforcer is given for each response that is closer and closer and eventually leads to the desired response

Question 16

side effects of punishment

Answer 16

the tendency of the person being punished to show aggression, resent the punisher or withdraw completely

Question 17

Skinner Box

Answer 17

an enclosed chamber with a device to deliver reinforcers (eg. food) and a mechanism which an animal can manipulate in order to escape

Question 18

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 18

After the response had not been reinforced for several trials, the discriminative stimulus will not elicit the response. After a time delay, if the discriminative stimulus occurs, the behaviour will again be shown

Question 19

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 19

When the behaviour is never reinforced in environments that are similar to the discriminative stimulus. Eventually the behaviour occurs when the discriminative stimulus is present

Question 20

Stimulus generalisation

Answer 20

Occurs when the behaviour occurs in an environment similar to that which lead to reinforcement

Question 21

Three phase model of learning

Answer 21

D-B-C or A-B-C model

Question 22

token economy

Answer 22

a form of behaviour modification in which tokens are earned for performing target behaviours and these tokens can then be exchanged later for some reward

Question 23

variable interval schedule

Answer 23

responses are reinforced after intervals of time that vary around a set mean, irrespective of the number of responses

Question 24

variable ratio schedule

Answer 24

responses are reinforced after numbers of responses that vary around a set mean, irrespective of elapsed time

Question 25

voluntary behaviours

Answer 25

actions that are controlled by the person or animal performing them

Question 26

Role of learner

Answer 26

Active: behaviour must be initiated by the learner

Question 27

Timing of stimulus

Answer 27

Best to have the reinforcement/punishment soon after behaviour, but possible for it to occur later

Question 28

Nature of response

Answer 28

Voluntary response. Discriminative stimulus is the environment that provokes the behaviour - occurs before the response behaviour

Question 29

Acquisition

Answer 29

By reinforcing a behavioural response